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A knee exam evaluates the health of the knee joint, including bones, ligaments, bursae, and menisci. Structural abnormalities and functional skills are assessed, and ligament injuries can be tested through a valgus stress test or pull test. Rehabilitation through physical therapy can address pain and movement difficulties.
A knee exam is a medical technique used to determine the health of the knee joint and all of its supporting structures. The knee attaches the lower leg to the thigh and allows the two to work in unison. When examining the knee, the lower leg and thigh bones should be evaluated along with the kneecap. The supporting ligaments that hold the knee together are also an important part of a knee exam.
The knee attaches the thighbone or thighbone to the tibia, the largest shinbone. The femur also connects to the kneecap or patella. Running through it are structures called ligaments. Ligaments are tough strings that join bones together. The knees also house bursae, or fluid-filled pouches designed to reduce friction within the knee joint, and menisci, or fibrous pads also used to reduce friction especially between the bones of the upper and lower leg.
Knee problems can occur with an injury or structural changes caused by arthritis or degenerative conditions. Functional skills, such as the ability to bear weight on the leg and walking discrepancies, are standard components of a knee exam. Other factors considered during the knee evaluation are pain and inflammation or swelling issues and structural abnormalities.
Structural abnormalities include things like varus and valgus
detours. A varus irregularity occurs when the knee appears to be bent. This occurs when the shins closest to the knee arch and the ankle curves inward. A valgus sprain bends the lower leg closest to the knee inward and the ankle part outward, giving the impression of knees on the ground. Another deviation presents as hyperextended or backward knee flexion. This condition is called genu recurvatum.
When there is a visible discrepancy in the knee, an important factor to consider during a knee exam is the condition of the ligaments. The lateral and medical collateral ligaments are the inner and outer cable-like structures that connect the upper and lower leg. The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments connect the thigh and shinbone. These structures form a cross and are located inside the knee closest to the kneecap.
A collateral ligament injury can be tested during a knee exam by applying a valgus stress test. This involves moving the lower leg while putting pressure on the foot to see if the ankle area moves away from the body. The cruciate ligament test involves a technique called the pull test. This is done by bending the knee and moving the tibia or shinbone forward or backward.
Many problems encountered during a knee exam can be addressed through proper management of acute symptoms and an extensive rehabilitation program. Knee rehabilitation is commonly performed by a physical therapist. Physical therapy can address pain issues and movement difficulties experienced in the knee.
