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Mechanical springs include compression, extension, torsion, constant force, and disc springs. Each type changes shape when a load is applied and stores energy until the load is removed. Examples of each type and their applications are provided.
There are different types of mechanical springs including compression spring, extension spring, torsion spring, constant force spring and disc spring. Each type of spring undergoes a change in shape or size when a load is applied. Energy is stored in the spring until the load is removed. The most simplistic spring is the tension rod, which absorbs a force evenly through its structure and deforms only slightly. An example of a tension rod is the spokes of a bicycle wheel.
Compression springs are mechanical springs that oppose compressive forces. It typically compresses to absorb force and expands once the load has been removed. Compression springs are used in car suspensions and switches.
Extension springs are mechanical springs that stretch beyond their rest positions when a load is applied. After the load is removed, they shrink back to their original size. Typically, an extension spring has a ring at each end for attaching to various objects, such as a screen door hinge or a garage door hinge.
Torsion springs are mechanical springs that rotate around an axis to create a load. When the load is released, the spring returns to its initial position. This type of spring is usually used in mouse traps.
One type of spring that releases a controlled amount of energy, rather than the rapid burst associated with torsion springs, is the constant force spring. It generally consists of a steel strip that winds around itself in a spiral shape. A torsion spring is capable of producing a rotational force that lasts for a long period of time. Mechanical springs found in watches are typically constant force springs. They are also found in wind-up toys. Constant force springs can dramatically unravel if they are removed from their frame, as they contain a lot of stored energy.
If an application requires more power, a constant force spring can be designed to work at a lower number of rotations. It is generally constructed of a thicker steel band and can be dangerous if removed from its intended application. This type of spring is typically used in car seat recline mechanisms.
The belleville spring, also known as a belleville washer, is a flat disc-shaped spring with a hole in the center. It is typically used with a bolt to maintain pretension, which reduces the stress on the bolt when a load is applied. When stacked on top of each other, multiple Belleville springs can generally handle higher loads.
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