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Disc brakes are the most common braking system used in vehicles today, using a rotor and caliper to slow down the wheel. Early designs had problems with heat transfer and dirt, but these were resolved with the use of composite materials and drilling holes in the rotor. Various methods are used to actuate the brake pads, including cable-actuated levers and hydraulic systems.
Although many systems for slowing a wheel on a vehicle have been designed and implemented over the course of more than a century, no design is more prevalent today than the disc brake. A disc brake system uses a rotor, typically made of composite materials such as iron, ceramic, carbon, and Kevlar, that is attached to a wheel and slowed down by a caliper that forces the brake pads to contact the disc from both sides. simultaneously. Disc brake systems are widely used in automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles and other gasoline and human vehicles.
Disc brakes were developed in the late 19th century, but design flaws prevented disc brake systems from coming into use. The most difficult problem to overcome was heat transfer, or the disc’s inability to distribute frictional heat effectively. This problem was called brake fade and was quite prevalent on early disc brake models. Also, because the roads at that time were primitive and unpaved, dirt and dust often came in contact with the disc brake system, reducing brake power and effectiveness and often causing wear. premature removal of individual components.
These problems were eventually resolved through the use of composite materials that distributed heat more effectively and were less susceptible to rapid wear. Other methods of solving heat and dirt problems included drilling holes in the rotor, which allowed heat to disperse more effectively and dirt and grit to pass through without greatly affecting brake performance.
In order to actuate the brake pads and cause them to press against the rotor with a significant force to brake the wheel, various methods have been developed. Cable-actuated levers are common on bicycles, where large amounts of force are not needed to brake the vehicle. In cars, motorcycles, and even many bicycles, hydraulic systems are used to transfer power from the brake lever or pedal to the brake caliper. These hydraulic disc brake systems use a viscous fluid, usually an oil or other thick fluid, contained in lines rigid enough to contain the force of the moving fluid. When the brake lever or pedal is actuated, oil or fluid is forced into the brake caliper, which in turn uses a series of pistons to push the pads against the rotor. Other actuation systems include pneumatic systems and electromagnetic systems, which tend to be more complex but just as effective.
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