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Beam columns support loads on a beam above by transferring them to the foundation. They have been used since ancient times, with modern skyscrapers relying on steel beam columns. Different materials and shapes can be used, and structural engineers use mathematical formulas to design them. Special beam-column connections are used, and failure can result in column instability. Proper design is crucial to prevent collapse.
A beam column is a vertical element that supports the load (weight, wind force and seismic force) on a beam above it. This is accomplished by transferring that load down through the built structure to its foundation. Beam columns have been used in building construction since ancient times. Some famous early examples of this include the Roman Colosseum and the Greek Parthenon.
Modern skyscrapers would not be possible without the use of a steel beam column system. One of the first high-rise buildings using this type of construction was in the Woolworth Building, built in New York City in 1913. Typically, in high-rise framing, steel I-beams rest on H-shaped columns. The longer sides of the flange of the H-shaped column are thicker than the core core piece. This is so that it can better resist compressive forces.
These structural framing members can be made of many different materials. As in the Parthenon and Colosseum, many older supporting columns were made of stone. Additionally, wood is also often used for this purpose in timber frame construction. In addition, concrete beam column systems are often employed to make highway bridges and other buildings.
When these support elements are made of steel, they can have a variety of different shapes. In addition to the H-shaped beam column, round and square tubular steel sections are also often used. Sometimes, these hollow columns are filled with concrete, which further strengthens them.
Beam column design is usually best done by a structural engineer. Structural engineers use complex mathematical formulas to calculate the expected column load. This helps ensure that there are enough beam columns in the framing to support the building and any forces, such as wind and earth movement, that can act on it.
In most forms of this type of construction, special beam-column connections are usually employed. In steel structures, the column is often welded to a steel plate and then bolted or riveted to the beam. Different shapes are often used, such as flexible or finned end plates.
Failure of this type of construction can result in column instability. Sometimes, this can happen if faulty materials are used or if the load capacity is miscalculated, among other reasons. If the load is high enough for the beam column frame structure, it can collapse. That’s why having this type of construction properly designed is important.
