Autopsies are performed to determine the cause of death and collect evidence. A forensic pathologist supervises the process, which includes external and internal examinations, organ removal, and laboratory tests. Autopsies can provide medical clues and are crucial in homicide investigations.
The term “autopsy,” meaning “to see for yourself,” has been used to refer to determining the cause of death by examining a body since 1678. In any case of suspicious or violent death, an autopsy is performed to determine the exact cause of death and to collect evidence that can be found in or on the body, such as fibers, fingerprints, bullets, and toxins. In some cases, this examination is required, while in other cases, hospital staff may ask a family if they wish. Where it is optional, it can still be revealing and can provide important information for other family members, such as evidence of a genetic disorder that should be addressed.
A doctor called a forensic pathologist supervises an autopsy. The process begins with a thorough external examination of the body. X-rays are taken and the body is photographed extensively, while the presiding pathologist notes any distinguishing features of the body and any visible lesions. Sometimes, the cause of death is readily apparent during this examination, as might be the case with someone who has been decapitated, but internal examination of the body is also important.
After the outside of the body has been meticulously documented, the forensic pathologist makes a Y-shaped incision in the chest of the body and opens the rib cage with a Stryker saw, a specialized saw that will cut through bone but not soft tissue. Major body organs, such as the heart, liver, lungs, and stomach, are removed for examination and small samples are taken for laboratory inspection. Signs of disease are noted, and the stomach is usually opened so that its contents can be examined. Samples of bodily fluids are also taken so they can be tested for drugs, toxins, and any other unusual substances. After inspection, the organs are usually placed back into the body cavity before being stitched up.
After examining the primary body cavity, the forensic pathologist examines the brain. If a neurological condition contributed to the cause of the deceased’s death, it will often be revealed upon inspection. To examine the brain, the forensic pathologist uses the Stryker saw to cut open the top of the skull. Like other organs in the body, the brain is photographed, examined and weighed. Tissue samples may be taken for laboratory examination before the brain is returned to the skull.
While the process of an autopsy may seem gruesome to some, it can provide valuable medical clues. Especially in the terminally ill, this exam can provide information to medical professionals about the exact cause of death, which can help them treat other patients with similar conditions in the future. In homicide investigations, it is a crucial piece of the puzzle, showing how exactly the victim died and what was used to kill her. People interested in the mechanics of death often pursue careers as forensic pathologists or forensic anthropologists so they can learn more about this inevitable life process.
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