Tongue inflammation, or glossitis, can be caused by bacterial infections, allergies, deficiencies, or underlying health conditions. Trauma, poorly fitting dentures, allergies, deficiencies, and secondary conditions can all cause tongue inflammation. In rare cases, it can be hereditary or caused by poisoning.
Tongue inflammation, sometimes referred to as glossitis, is a condition in which the tongue becomes swollen, smooth, sore, or discolored. This condition can be caused by a number of factors such as bacterial infections, allergic reactions or exposure to irritants. In some cases, an inflammation of the tongue can be a sign of an underlying problem such as anemia, certain autoimmune disorders, or nutritional deficiencies.
An inflamed tongue can be a primary or secondary condition, but it can also be inherited. As a primary condition, tongue inflammation is most commonly the result of trauma. Burns from hot drinks, spicy or acidic foods, or concentrated dental care products can cause tongue swelling or pain. The tongue can also become inflamed or infected due to poorly fitting dentures, jagged teeth, or poorly placed piercings. In some cases, the use of chewing or smoking tobacco, alcohol, or undiluted herbal tinctures can also cause trauma that causes swelling.
Allergies and deficiencies are two other potential causes of inflammation. In many people, especially those who are hypersensitive, certain substances can cause acute inflammation. Dyes and preservatives are sometimes prone to causing an allergic reaction, as are many dental hygiene products and some medications and treatments, such as bronchodilators and chemotherapy. Deficiencies in some vitamins B and C and minerals such as iron can also cause inflammation of the tongue.
Secondary conditions are also common reasons a tongue might become inflamed. Some skin conditions, such as lichen planus or erythema multiforme, can affect the mucous membranes and can also cause lesions to form on the tongue. Other secondary causes of inflammation of the tongue may consist of diseases such as syphilis, stomatitis or oral herpes. Additionally, conditions that can cause dry mouth, such as Sjogren’s syndrome, can potentially lead to inflammation of the tongue.
While uncommon, tongue inflammation can be due to hereditary or congenital conditions and can also be the result of some types of poisoning. Acrodermatitis enteropathica, an inherited condition characterized by a zinc deficiency, can cause the tongue to become swollen, shiny, and red. While median rhomboid glossitis, which is sometimes thought to be a congenital condition, is usually not painful, it can make part of the tongue red or white in appearance. Exposure to poisons such as arsenic or mercury can also cause inflammation of the tongue.
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