Abrasion testing is used to study a product’s resistance to damage and wear caused by abrasion. Various methods are used, including the stud test and dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus test, with ASTM designations indicating international standards. Tests are used on manufactured products such as paints, adhesives, fabrics, and metals. Examples of tests include ASTM D3389 and ASTM G132 for pin tests and ASTM G65 for measuring loss of mass or volume caused by dry sand abrasion.
Abrasion testing is a standard procedure used in manufacturing and industry to study a product’s resistance to damage and wear caused by abrasion. Various methods are used for abrasion testing by laboratories but there are a few basic ones which are known as international standards. These tests are given an ASTM designation, indicating that the methods were developed by ASTM International, an international manufacturing standards organization. Abrasion tests are used on a variety of manufactured products to test abrasion resistance in materials such as paints, adhesives, fabrics and metals.
Two common methods of abrasion testing are the stud test and the dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus test. For the stud test, a rotating stud travels along a fixed wear path to produce abrasion on the surface. The dry sand/rubber wheel apparatus test uses a rotating rubber wheel positioned a predetermined distance from the sample piece. The dry sand is then introduced into the space between the wheel and the sample, flowing in the same direction as the wheel’s movement. The dry sand used has a uniform grain size and composition to ensure consistent abrasive qualities throughout the test procedure.
An example of a pin test is the Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Coated Fabrics, or ASTM D3389, Abrasion Test Procedure, which is used to measure the abrasion resistance of a plastic-coated fabric or eraser. This test measures the loss of mass in a fabric coating, or wear, resulting from interaction with a rotating pin. Accurate measurements of the weight and thickness of the material are made before the test and compared with the resulting measurements at the end of the test procedure.
ASTM G132 is another pin test method, called the dual pin method, which uses two pins mounted perpendicular to the test product and a control product with a known strength factor. For this test, the sample and control materials are weighed before testing. The pins travel a continuous path, creating wear on the surface of the materials. At the end of the test, both pieces are removed from the abrasion testing machine and weighed again; the resulting weight loss is measured using a formula that includes safeguards against changes in the abrasive properties of the pins.
The Standard Test Method for Abrasion Measurement Using Dry Rubber/Sand Wheel Apparatus, also known as the ASTM G65 test, is an abrasion test method that measures the loss of mass or volume caused by the dry sand abrasion. The test is conducted by introducing a stream of sand into the space between the abrasion resistant specimen to be tested and a spinning rubber wheel. The test lab technician then measures the resulting mass or volume loss in the sample product. This test is commonly used to test the abrasion resistance of hard surface coatings, such as paint, and to test solid products, including plastics, metal, or ceramics.
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