Distribution transformers step down voltage for utility customers. They can be pole-mounted or pad-mounted and use different insulators. Utilities can move or add transformers as needed, but outages may occur during maintenance. The utility is responsible for installation and maintenance, and acts quickly to restore power after a failure.
A distribution transformer is a device that steps down voltage to convert it from the very high voltage used for distribution to the lower voltages required by utility customers. A single transformer can serve multiple customers, and it is even possible for a utility to install a distribution substation for areas with high energy consumption, such as industrial parks. The utility is responsible for installing and maintaining devices to meet customer needs. Transformers pose a safety risk and are typically tagged and secured to keep members of the public away.
Two basic mounting patterns are available. Pole-mounted distribution transformers are used for lower voltages, such as those needed in industrial districts, and may be familiar to some utility customers. They look like large containers mounted on the sides of power poles. Pad mounted designs are required for higher voltage processing and are found in large metal boxes at ground level. They are usually marked with high voltage signs and are locked for safety.
As electricity enters the distribution transformer, it travels through a series of voltage-reducing coils while maintaining the original frequency. The transformer supplies the reduced voltage to the distribution lines, which deliver it to the individual plants with service interruptions. The size of a drop in service depends on the facility; a single residence has relatively low requirements, while a factory or similar facility may need a very high voltage drop to meet its power needs.
The insulation used within a distribution transformer can vary. Some are dry and rely on air for insulation, while others have liquids. The choice of insulator, case, and other materials may depend on the type of voltage the device must be able to handle, regional electrical codes, and user preferences. Whether wet or dry, the device needs periodic inspection to confirm that the insulation is in good condition and that the device is functioning properly.
Electric utilities can move or add distribution transformers to the grid as needed to meet evolving energy needs. There may be brief outages while the utility is performing work, as staff cannot manage these devices while they are active. Typically the utility warns when it knows about work ahead of time and provides an outage window for clients to schedule. When a distribution transformer fails, causing a brownout or complete power outage in the region it serves, the utility acts as quickly as possible to restore power.
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