Economy in crisis: what changes?

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A financial crisis occurs when financial markets suffer sudden and severe losses or when investors lose confidence in the financial sector or the economy as a whole. In the economy during a financial crisis, people often have to contend with inflation or deflation. Loans usually become more restrictive and this contributes to rising unemployment. A general weakening of the economy during a financial crisis can even lead to political instability.

Typically, banks are at the heart of a financial crisis because consumers and businesses rely heavily on banks to obtain credit to cover short-term expenses, while savers rely on income from bank deposits to generate income for years. of retirement. A financial crisis often begins when a bank experiences a large number of loan defaults as the economy slows down after a period of rapid growth. Banks cut back on new loans to cut further losses, meaning businesses can’t get the loans needed to finance product development and company expansion. Companies stop hiring because expansion plans have to be put on hold, cut existing jobs to save money, and try to build up cash reserves that can compensate for the loss of available credit.

Banks react to the effect of unemployment on the economy during a financial crisis by limiting consumer loans because rising unemployment usually leads to higher loan default rates. When homebuyers become scarce, homeowners attempting to sell their homes begin to reduce their asking price, and this leads to deflation as prices in general begin to fall. Falling prices cause a slowdown in production because people have excess cash, but the slowdown in production often leads to a rise in unemployment. In a deflationary economy during a financial crisis, savers have increased spending power but due to high unemployment, increasing numbers of people have no income.

An economy during a financial crisis can also experience rapid inflation as investors lose faith in the government and its ability to cover its debts by raising taxes. Investors are demanding higher yields on government bonds and this drives up interest rates on other types of investments and commodities. Rising prices mean that consumers have less spending power and are spending a higher percentage of their income on basic needs, such as food and housing, rather than on luxury items.

Sometimes, a financial crisis can impact the entire world because national economies become intertwined due to the import and export of goods. Nations lacking cash reduce imports, which means other trading partners lose income and have to cut back on spending. A financial crisis can have a knock-on effect in a free-market economy, and only countries with isolationist economic policies can avoid the damaging effects of a global economic crisis.

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