Fluid retention, or edema, occurs when the body is unable to express fluid, causing it to build up. It can be caused by a variety of factors and is often associated with pregnancy, hormonal changes, and circulatory problems. Treatment involves determining the underlying cause and may include compression garments or changes in posture. Drinking less water is not recommended.
Fluid retention is a medical condition that occurs when the body is unable to express fluid, causing it to build up throughout the body or in a localized area. More properly known as edema, this condition is very common and can have a variety of causes and treatment approaches. It is often associated with pregnancy and hormonal changes caused by hormonal contraceptive use, along with circulatory problems, burns, certain medications, arthritis, and liver, kidney, heart, and lung disease.
Water plays an important role in the body. It is found in the circulatory system and in body tissues, often as a carrier of nutrients or waste products. In healthy people, water is moved through the body in the lymphatic system, which removes excess water while providing fresh water, and the water is expressed through the kidneys in the form of urine. The body uses a number of systems to keep the water level in balance, regulating urine output to produce more or less urine as needed. When these systems are disrupted, fluid retention can occur.
The most common symptom of fluid retention is swelling which can be generalized or in a specific location, such as the legs. People may also feel achy and achy, with joint pain, stiffness, and weight gain. In pitting edema, when the area of swelling is pressed, a small pit will form and slowly fill, while in non-pitting edema, the skin will recover after being pressed.
Sometimes, fluid retention is benign and will resolve itself. For example, many women retain fluids during the phase of their menstrual cycle where estrogen rises and the retained water is expressed later. In other cases, water retention may need to be treated to prevent further buildup and make the patient more comfortable. Treatment usually involves determining the underlying cause and resolving it.
People should not respond to fluid retention by drinking less water. Instead, they should see a doctor to find out why they retain water and what could be done to manage it. For example, sometimes compression garments may be used to help the body express fluid, or a patient may vary the way they dress, sit, or stand to prevent fluid buildup. Pregnant women who spend a lot of time on their feet may find, for example, that fluid retention in the legs and ankles can be reduced by resting with feet elevated.
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