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Grammar and syntax are related concepts in language, with syntax referring to the arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence, and grammar consisting of the rules governing language composition. The term grammar comes from the Greek term for the art of words, while syntax comes from the Greek and Latin words for organized order. Modern grammar encompasses various areas of language, including syntax, and involves learning rules for structure, punctuation, spelling, word usage, and more. Studying grammar means understanding how correct word order fits into natural language.
Grammar and syntax are closely related concepts, both in written and spoken language. The terms are often used interchangeably, although each concept has its own meaning. Syntax is the arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence. Comparatively, grammar consists of the rules governing the composition of language. As such, the relationship between grammar and syntax is similar to that between parent and child, with the grammar providing the structural rules that syntax and other concepts must follow.
In terms of etymology, or the origins of a word, the term syntax comes from the Greek and Latin words syntaxis, which means to put together in an organized order. Similarly, the word grammar comes from the Greek term grammatike tekhne, defined as the art of words or letters. Understanding these origins, the relationship between grammar and syntax could be explained as the art of language, which means grammar, and how it is organized, which means syntax. Although the term grammar was present in ancient Latin and Greek cultures, the understanding of grammar as a set of rules related to syntax did not begin until the 16th century. Prior to the 16th century, the term grammar simply applied to learning in general, with syntax covering any kind of order or arrangement.
Today, syntax and grammar are understood as the rules governing correct sentence structure. For example, when an individual is referring to a person and himself, an English phrase such as me and him might be used. According to the syntax, he and me is an acceptable word order. It makes logical sense, whether orderly like me and him or him and me. The rules of English grammar, however, dictate that such a sentence should be formulated as he and me, so that both pronouns are objective, with the personal pronoun me ordered last.
As an area of study, modern grammar encompasses the rules and structural requirements for numerous conceptual areas and parts of language, including syntax. In particular, the study of grammar involves areas such as morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics and phonetics. Each conceptual area must follow specific rules regarding structure, punctuation, spelling, word usage, word order, tense, and other linguistic constraints. Studying grammar and syntax involves learning the rules and understanding how correct and grammatically correct word order fits into the bigger picture of natural language. Of course, studying grammar means studying syntax and other conceptual areas in an effort to understand the correct application of grammar rules to each conceptual area.
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