Hall effect sensors measure magnetic fields using the Hall effect. They come in analog and digital forms and can be used for speed, direction, and position sensing. They are used in automobiles, computers, and portable devices and are cost-effective.
A Hall effect sensor is a small device, mounted on a printed circuit board, capable of measuring a magnetic field. It is designed around the principles of the Hall effect, where a magnetic field perpendicular to an electric current on one circuit produces voltage on the other side. The sensor can come in the form of a single chip, along with components to compensate for temperature variations. An amplifier is needed for the signal to provide accurate measurements as well. Hall effect sensors with analog and digital output are available, and both are used in computers, automobiles, and industrial control systems.
In an analog Hall effect sensor, the voltage from the output is always directly related to the magnetic field, which can be positive or negative. The voltage increases with the strength of the magnetic field and if no field is activated, a zero voltage represents the value of the power passing through. The output of a sensor relative to the input is described by the transfer function which takes into account the output without magnetic fields, sensitivity and output range.
With a Hall effect sensor with digital output, the output is defined by on and off states only. An analog sensor can be converted into a digital one using a specific circuit, the Schmitt trigger circuit. States change only upon reaching a predetermined level; otherwise the output will not increase or decrease unless the magnetic field changes significantly enough. Additionally, digital sensors can be powered by regulated or unregulated power supplies, depending on their intended use.
A tiny package of integrated circuits is all that is needed to house a Hall effect sensor along with associated electronics. Actual sensors are almost too small to see and can be placed anywhere on a circuit. At the same time, they can tolerate shock, vibration and extreme temperature ranges, so Hall effect sensors can be used for speed sensing in industrial control systems. They can also sense the strength and direction of a magnetic field, allowing for direction sensing. Use as a position sensor is also possible.
Electronics with a Hall effect sensor are included in automobile braking and ignition systems. Cell phones and other portable devices also have them to enhance various functions and applications that require location, motion, and speed tracking. Hall effect sensors also cost less than similar sensors, so the electronics can be acquired and developed inexpensively.
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