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Heat flux is the transfer of heat energy from a hot area to a cold area, occurring due to temperature differences between objects. Heat flow relies on conduction, convection, and radiation, and is subject to the laws of thermodynamics. The law of cooling states that the rate of heat loss from a body is proportional to the difference in temperature between the body and its surroundings. Condensation is a side effect of heat flux.
The transfer of heat energy from a hot area to a cold area is known as heat flux. This occurs when a certain object or material is at a different temperature than the surrounding objects. The principle behind this process implies that thermal equilibrium must occur between objects, also known as the second law of thermodynamics. Essentially, when there is a temperature difference between materials, the flow of heat can only be slowed down, not stopped.
Heat flow relies heavily on the concept of conduction. Basically, the transfer of thermal energy is based on the diffusion of free electrons. For heat to move from one object or material to another, adjacent atoms vibrate against each other. This is caused by electrons moving from one atom to another. In terms of liquids, the molecules are further apart, which is why heat energy is transferred at a slower rate when this state of matter is present.
Convection is also important for heat flow. This occurs when a solid object or surface is near a gas or liquid. The rate of heat transfer increases as the motion moves faster. Within the laws of thermodynamics there are two different types of convection: natural and forced. Buoyancy forces due to gas or liquid density changes occur naturally, while forced convection is in response to an artificial method such as a pump or fan.
When heat is transferred from materials through empty space, the concept is known as radiation. This occurs for all objects above absolute zero, even those located within a perfect vacuum. For example, radiation from the Sun travels through the vacuum of space before hitting the earth and other planets.
The general principle of thermodynamics and heat flux was established by Sir Isaac Newton. The law of cooling states that “the rate of heat loss from a body is proportional to the difference in temperature between the body and its surroundings, or environment”. This can be observed by analyzing the food. For example, when a cake is removed from the oven and placed in a cool window, the rate of heat loss is determined by the air temperature.
An interesting side effect of heat flux can occur when the vapor changes into its liquid phase. Known as condensation, this process relies on the gaseous form of a liquid changing. This is seen in nature in the form of a mist or on a cool glass on a hot day.
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