Computers function through a combination of hardware, software, inputs, and outputs. The CPU is the central processing unit where most of the work occurs, and the motherboard is where all components connect. Memory, power supply, cooling system, and drives are also essential. Upgrades are possible, and input/output processes allow interaction.
Computers do things as a result of a combination of hardware, software, inputs and outputs. The CPU, or central processing unit, is where most of the heavy lifting occurs. While the technical aspects of what makes computers work might be difficult for a layperson to understand, the mechanical aspects can give you a clear idea of what and how things happen inside.
Computers work thanks to a series of closely interconnected hardware devices. When you look at a computer from the outside, the key parts are the system case, which can be a tower for a desktop machine or the body of a laptop; the monitor; and the keyboard. A mouse or trackpad may or may not be essential to the functioning of a computer, depending on its type and model. Many computers also have a CD or other disk drive in the case.
Most of the essential things that make computers work are inside the case, out of your sight. The motherboard is the central point of the computer, where all the various components attach and communicate with each other. The key to keeping a computer running is the central processing unit (CPU), the central shutdown for all the processes the computer goes through. When a command is sent, such as “open a program” or “turn on the monitor”, the CPU interprets this command and then acts accordingly.
Once your computer is turned on or started, the CPU keeps activating certain sections so it can then give you access to programs and processes. Computers run on the CPU granting users access, so if the boot process isn’t working properly, it can mean that the computer can’t be used, even if everything else inside is working fine.
Memory is also extremely important for a computer to function. The two main types of memory are random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). ROM is stored data and cannot be written; RAM is memory that can be read and written, allowing new data to be saved. In many cases, additional RAM can be added.
One type of ROM is the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), which is responsible for communicating between the software on a computer and the hardware. When a computer is turned on for the first time, the BIOS checks basic data such as hard memory, RAM, any installed cards, and other devices. The BIOS also checks for boot errors and offers to fix them if necessary.
Other less central, but no less vital parts that keep computers running include the power supply, transformer, and battery. These parts ensure that each component receives the electricity it needs in the right amount and that key information is saved even when the power is turned off. Computer drives, including hard drives, flash drives, and any drives with removable media, such as CD-ROM drives, allow the user to load new data and applications onto the computer and save files. The cooling system helps keep all components from overheating.
Most computers also have other components without which a computer would be more difficult to use. Graphics cards allow your computer to display graphics on your monitor, and they come in many different tiers. Sound cards allow your computer to play sounds. Connecting to the Internet or to other computers requires a modem. Most computers ship with all of these components, and it is often possible for the owner to upgrade them to newer or more advanced versions.
Input/output (I/O) is the name given to processes or components needed to interact with the CPU and make computers work. These include the monitor and keyboard, but also CD-ROMs and removable flash memory cards. Input/output processes allow you to order the computer to do something, making interaction and use essential.
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