Induced voltage is created by electric, magnetic fields or currents. Lightning strikes can induce voltage in conductive materials, causing damage to electronic equipment. Transformers use induced voltage to transfer energy.
Induced voltage is an electric potential created by an electric field, magnetic field or current. Induced voltage in natural and man-made materials is carefully planned across many disciplines, including equipment safety and security. Early in the history of electricity, Benjamin Franklin demonstrated the accumulation of electric charges in clouds which caused electrostatic charges and a slight luminescence of some materials.
The friction between the air and cloud particles creates a buildup of electrostatic charge in the clouds. Voltages generated in high-altitude clouds can reach well over billions of volts. When atmospheric conditions create a path of low resistance between the charged cloud and the ground, lightning strikes where most of the energy reaches the ground. The high current associated with a lightning strike is conducted to earth from an ionized section of the atmosphere, and this can easily induce voltages in conductive material such as steel towers and electrical cables. The result is a current-induced voltage that can damage sensitive electronic equipment.
Field induced voltage is created by an electric or magnetic field. A voltage induced electric field occurs when a capacitor or capacitor is charged with a direct current and a positive charge is induced on one plate and a negative charge on the other plate. The capacitor itself will have a voltage across its terminals, and this is a field-induced voltage. In voltage alteration, the resulting current flow changes the voltage level. When lightning discharges a cloud formation, the extremely high voltage that previously caused the lightning strike decreases to a certain level determined by air and ground conditions.
This voltage can further create a magnetic field, hence it can be referred to as a voltage induced magnetic field. When lightning strikes the lightning rod atop a radio tower, the current pulse travels to the ground over the ground wire. This current generates a transient magnetic field that can induce a voltage on any nearby conductor. The transformation can recur as extensively as the intensity of the original energy permits. This may suggest why equipment damage from power and voltage spikes during thunderstorms can be extensive.
In an electrical transformer, the primary winding induces a voltage across the secondary winding. The induced voltage formula suggests that the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage is equal to the ratio of the number of primary turns on to that of the secondary winding. Also, voltage testing on a transformer uses a voltmeter connected to the input terminals and then to the output terminals of the transformer. By comparing the two readings, the coil ratio can be calculated.
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