An induction generator uses an external source of mechanical energy to spin the rotor within a rotating magnetic field, producing electricity. They are commonly used in wind turbines and micro hydroelectric generators. Induction generators are less complex and more robust than other generators and can continue to produce power effectively if the rotor speed changes. They differ from synchronous generators, which must be powered at a constant rate.
An induction generator, also called an asynchronous generator, is a type of alternating current electrical generator. The rotor of the generator is placed within a rotating magnetic field and the rotor is then spun by an external source of mechanical energy so that it rotates faster than the magnetic field. The rotating shaft begins to pull the magnetic field forward, sending electricity flowing into the generator coils. Induction generators are less complex and more robust than other forms of generators and can continue to produce power effectively if the rotor speed changes. An induction generator needs an external supply of electricity to create its rotating magnetic field and start working, but once it has started generating power it can continue to run on its own, provided it has a mechanical power source.
Induction generators are commonly used in wind turbines, which use the wind to provide the mechanical energy to move the rotor of the generator. The ability of the generator to operate at variable speeds allows the turbine to run in variable wind conditions. Small hydroelectric power sources, sometimes called micro hydroelectric generators, also use induction generators. These generators are equipped with a device called an induction generator controller, which prevents damage to the induction generator and allows it to continue running during changes in water flow. Thanks to the simplicity of their design, very small induction generators capable of powering household appliances can be built with readily available parts, such as washing machine motors.
Wind turbines often use a design called a dual-feed induction generator, where the rotor windings are connected to an electronic converter that can import or export reactive power to or from the generator as needed. This allows the generator to stay synchronized with the utility grid during wind speed changes. It also makes the power system as a whole more stable by allowing wind turbines to continue operating and supply energy to the grid uninterrupted in the event of a voltage drop in the grid, a capability called low voltage crossing.
Induction generators differ from synchronous generators, in which the rotor and magnetic field rotate at the same speed. Synchronous generators can produce electricity more efficiently than induction generators, but they must be powered at a constant rate. The principles behind the induction generator can be applied in reverse to create an induction motor, where the rotor is rotated more slowly than the magnetic field to convert electricity into mechanical energy.
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