Molecular genetics studies genes, DNA, and RNA to understand inherited traits and cell function. It also examines genetic mutations, cancer genetics, gene therapy, and genetic engineering. Molecular geneticists work in labs and may have specialized degrees or be doctors.
Molecular genetics is a sub-discipline of genetics, a field within the biological sciences. Genes are units of heredity, instructions for inherited traits such as hair color, blood type, and susceptibility to certain diseases. Molecular genetics deals with the physical and chemical properties of these genes.
Organisms depend on cells to grow and function. Each cell is essentially like a machine, following the instructions of its genes to function efficiently. The molecule that makes up genes is called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is stored inside the cells of organisms.
DNA is a long molecule, tightly coiled into structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes require strong magnification to view. When viewed uncoiled, the DNA molecule looks like a twisted ladder, with two intertwined strands called a double helix. The double helix structure of DNA is a huge part of molecular genetics.
The field also deals with the structure and function of ribonucleic acid (RNA), a molecule essential for the functioning of cells. Structurally, RNA is quite similar to DNA, but they have different functions. The information in the cell’s DNA is copied onto an RNA molecule, after which a protein designed for a specific task is assembled. In the human body, for example, a protein called hemoglobin enables red blood cells to carry oxygen to body systems. The action of a gene that produces a protein is called gene expression.
Genetic mutations are changes in DNA that occur at a chemical level and are also of interest in the field of molecular genetics. The genetics of cancer, in particular, is an area studied by molecular geneticists, who undertake research to better understand – and perhaps even prevent or treat – the disease. Gene therapy also requires molecular geneticists. This type of therapy involves giving people new genes and is an area being researched for the treatment of certain diseases. Genetic engineering and cloning also fall under the category of molecular genetics.
Molecular geneticists often work in a laboratory setting, although they can also take on research- or teaching-based roles. Depending on the country in which they complete their education, molecular geneticists usually have a genetics degree and often also a specialized degree, such as a Ph.D. Some are even doctors who specialize in genetics. In addition to specialists, a wide range of science, health and education professionals may encounter this field of genetics in their working lives.
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