Antibodies are crucial for the immune system and proper storage is important for research and development. Most methods emphasize keeping antibodies cold, with recommended temperatures ranging from 4°C to -80°C. Aliquoting and avoiding freeze-thaw cycles can also help maintain antibody integrity. The study of antibodies can be an important area of biomedical research and development. […]
Antibody detection is crucial in medicine for identifying diseases. Enzyme immunosorbent assays (ELISA) detect antibodies and antigens, with indirect sandwich and competitive ELISA techniques used. Commercial kits for detecting tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS are available, but may not be as reliable as sputum smear microscopy. Fluorescent antibody tests are used to detect malaria antibodies, which can […]
Antibody tests detect antibodies in blood, urine, or tissue samples to diagnose exposure or infection with a pathogen. Kits are available for labs, but protocols and materials can also be customized. The test involves mixing the sample with an antigen and a tag to determine the presence and concentration of antibodies. False negatives and positives […]
Antibody staining is a lab technique used to detect antigens in a sample. Antibodies are introduced into the sample and washed, leaving behind those that have reacted. Fluorescence can be used to diagnose diseases and highlight structures in microscopy. Proper procedure is important to avoid errors. Antibody staining is a laboratory procedure used to stain […]
Antibodies bind to antigens, which can be disease-causing organisms, toxic molecules, or allergens. Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains and are specific to a particular antigen. There are five classes of antibodies with different roles in the immune system, and agglutination can occur when multiple antibodies and antigens bind together. Antibody binding occurs during an […]
Actin is a protein found in the cytoskeleton of all higher organisms and is involved in cell movement. Antibodies can react against actin, and there are three main groups in vertebrate cells. Actin antibodies are used in laboratory research and can be associated with autoimmune diseases. They are also used as controls in experiments and […]
Immunohistochemical (IHC) antibodies are used to tag antigens in scientific studies. They have specificity and binding ability and can be used in staining and precipitation techniques. Primary and secondary antibodies are commonly used, with the latter being labeled with identifying molecules. An immunohistochemical (IHC) antibody is a commonly used reagent in scientific studies to tag […]
Recombinant antibodies are produced by inserting DNA fragments into organisms using recombinant DNA technology. They can be used for medical research and pharmaceutical development. Companies sell them, and they can be used to treat diseases and identify reactive antigens. Controlled conditions are required for production. A recombinant antibody is an antibody produced by the use […]
Antibody purification extracts antibodies from antiserum for use in research, therapy, and diagnosis. Sources include animal antiserum and cloned cells. Techniques such as affinity chromatography and protein A/G are used to isolate antibodies, and customized antibodies can be ordered from companies. Antibody purification is a process where antibodies are extracted from an antiserum that contains […]
The human immune system creates antibodies to identify and destroy foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria. Antibodies are protein structures that match specific diseases or intruders, and can neutralize or destroy them through three methods. However, antibodies are not perfect and can attack the wrong particles or even healthy cells. To prevent bacteria, viruses, […]
B lymphocytes produce antibodies to fight bacterial infections, with five different antibody isotypes: IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD, and IgM. Each isotype has a different function, with IgG being the most abundant and providing protection against re-infection. IgA and IgE have similar functions, with IgA being highly concentrated in mucous membranes and secreted in breast milk, […]
FITC-conjugated antibodies are fluorescent markers used to identify proteins in various techniques. FITC absorbs energy at 495 nm and emits at 521 nm, allowing for systematic detection. FITC antibodies can be used directly or indirectly to label proteins in immunocytochemistry, enzyme and protein activity assays, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. They can be purchased from […]
IgM antibodies are one of five types of antibodies produced by the body to fight antigens. They are the first line of defense and are found in blood and lymph fluid. Other types of antibodies include IgG, IgE, IgA, and IgD. A weak immune system can make a person more susceptible to infections. An IgM […]
Panel reactive antibodies (PRA) are created by the body to attack foreign tissue, and can be triggered by blood transfusions, transplants, and pregnancy. PRA levels are important to monitor in kidney transplant candidates, as high levels can make it difficult to find a matched donor and increase the risk of organ rejection. Immunoadsorption and plasmapheresis […]
