Universities offer various biology degree programs for undergraduate and graduate students, including Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Arts degrees. Graduate programs are available for those who want to work as researchers, and doctorates are the most advanced programs. Some courses are now available online. Universities and colleges offer a variety of degree programs in […]
Molecular biology studies the molecular mechanisms of life, including the structure of biological molecules. It emerged in the 1960s with the discovery of DNA and encompasses biochemistry and genetics. The “central dogma” states that genes are transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins, but there are exceptions. Expression cloning is a basic area of investigation […]
Synthetic biology combines different research areas to design and build new biological systems and functions. It was first used in 1978 to reconstruct DNA molecules and analyze genes. Synthetic biology is used in genetics to test theories and predict outcomes. It also led to the field of synthetic chemistry. However, there are concerns about its […]
Biology studies all living organisms and has many branches that focus on specific topics or organisms. It can be studied at different levels, from molecules to entire ecosystems. Some branches solve problems, such as conservation biology, while others are theoretical, like astrobiology. Biology is an extremely broad subject because it is defined as the study […]
Bilateria is a subkingdom of the animal kingdom, consisting of all animals except sponges, cnidarians, and ctenophores. They share common characteristics such as three primary tissue layers, bilateral symmetry, and a coelom. The first known bilaterian, Vernanimacula, lived 600 million years ago in China. Bilaterians have a coelom, which allows for sophisticated movement and organ […]
Structural biology studies the physical structure of macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, which play important biological roles. Researchers observe polymerization and errors to understand how macromolecules work and link errors to real-world problems. Specialized tools like electron microscopy and crystallography are used to visualize structures. A doctoral degree is often required, […]
The three-domain system, created by Carl Woese in 1990, classifies organisms into Eukaryota, Archaea, and Bacteria. It emphasizes microbial diversity and recognizes fundamental differences between archaea and bacteria. Archaea are the most recent group to be recognized and include impressive extremophiles. Bacteria are the most numerous, followed by archaea, then eukaryotes. Most eukaryotes are dependent […]
Transversion is a type of genetic mutation that changes one base in a sequence to a base from the other group of bases. This can result in a nonsense, silent, or missense mutation. The double-stranded nature of DNA is important for binding specificity. Point mutations, including transversions and transitions, can affect the protein product. Transversions […]
Nick translation is a process in biology that replaces certain molecules in DNA strands with new ones to produce a desired feature. This process is used for scientific procedures such as blotting and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Restriction enzymes are used to make cuts on the DNA sequence, and specific enzymes are used to repair […]
To obtain a PhD in biology, students must meet prerequisites, research programs, and complete four to seven years of work, including core courses, electives, and a dissertation. Admission requirements vary, but most schools require a bachelor’s degree in a life science field, high scores on standardized exams, letters of recommendation, and a personal statement. Some […]
Fishery biology studies fisheries, which are fish populations used for commercial purposes. It involves studying fish habitats and populations to determine sustainable use. Fishery biologists work for fishing and hunting agencies, conservation organizations, and fish farms to manage populations and protect ecosystems. Degrees in fisheries biology are offered in few colleges and universities worldwide. Fishery […]
The photic zone receives light while the aphotic zone does not, and the size of the aphotic zone affects primary productivity. The aphotic zone begins where less than 1% of light penetrates and varies based on turbidity. The deep ocean aphotic zone is home to bioluminescent animals and is relatively deserted compared to the photic […]
Fecundity refers to the ability to produce offspring and vegetation, which is important for survival. Fertile plants disperse seeds through vectors, while animals rely on batch fecundity. Humans have lower fecundity and fertility decreases with age. Fertility is the frequency of producing offspring and any non-sterile female is considered fertile. The word “fecundity” is defined […]
To become a biology professor, one must have a Ph.D. in biology and work as a teacher. Students should focus on math and science in high school and attend graduate school. Publication and strong endorsements can help find employment, and tenure is usually required. To become a professor of biology, a person needs to be […]
Scientific classification, also known as Linnaeus classification, is a hierarchical system used by biologists to classify all life on Earth. It has eight levels of categorization, with the current top-level system being three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The higher levels of scientific classification have changed several times over the years, with the most recent […]
When choosing a biology dictionary, it is important to consider factors such as professional authorship, educational outlet support, and comprehensiveness. Credibility is important, and a dictionary composed by biologists or with a history as a textbook is ideal. Supplemental study materials and electronic options are available, and a good index and extra information such as […]
Marine biology programs are available for students of all ages, from elementary school to adults. Programs can be found in various countries and offer a range of courses, from academic training to hands-on outdoor laboratory work. Some programs focus on coral reefs, while others teach students how to collect samples from deeper ocean waters. To […]
A biology professor studies and teaches biology, with varying levels of specialization and focus depending on the level of education. While university-level professors are highly specialized, high school teachers may teach multiple sciences. The goal is to inspire students to continue studying biology. A professor of biology is someone who studies biology or sciences from […]
- 1
- 2
