Cellular immunology studies the cells and molecules of an organism’s immune system, including how they work together to defend against pathogens, immune system malfunctions, allergies, autoimmune diseases, organ transplant rejection, cancer, and factors that influence immune system functionality. Cellular immunology is the study of the cells and molecules of an organism’s immune system. The field […]
The cell cycle is a process in which a cell grows and divides to make a copy of itself. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, while eukaryotes have a more complex cycle with interphase and mitosis. The cycle is regulated by proteins, and errors can occur, causing cancer. Proteins can halt the process if there are […]
Cell cycle regulation controls cell growth and division, preventing uncontrollable growth. Different cells reproduce at varying rates, and genes for cell differentiation also regulate the cell cycle. Proteins like cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases regulate replication and division. In cancer cells, this process is disrupted, allowing cells to divide uncontrollably and spread. Research is done to […]
Spindle cell sarcomas are soft tissue tumors that can be caused by genetic mutations, exposure to radiation or chemicals, trauma, inflammation, or infection. Genetic testing is important in diagnosis and genetic engineering may provide effective therapies in the future. Kaposi’s sarcoma is an infection-related sarcoma that occurs in patients with AIDS and herpes virus type […]
Bacteria are prokaryotic unicellular organisms with a cell wall made of peptidoglycan. They lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles but have external structures such as flagella, pili, and fimbrae. The cell membrane mediates transport, and the genetic information is encoded in a circular chromosome and plasmids. Ribosomes are the most basic intracellular structures, but some bacteria […]
Bit cells are the amount of space used to store a single bit of information on a digital storage medium. They indicate how compressed data can be packed and are important for comparing storage media density. Lower bit cell rates are more efficient and can store more information in the same amount of space. Other […]
Xylem cells provide support and conduct water throughout a plant. They can be alive or dead, and contain trachieds, fibers, vessel members, and pot members. Dead xylem cells still support the plant due to intact lignin. Without xylem cells, a plant would have no vascular system. A xylem cell is a cell responsible for providing […]
K cells are a crucial part of the body’s innate immune system, accounting for 10-15% of white blood cells. They kill abnormal cells and can release enzymes to call other immune cells to fight disease, especially important in fighting viral infections. The K cell, also known as the killer cell or natural killer cell, is […]
Cellular zeolite is a volcanic mineral that can be consumed in liquid or powder form to help cleanse the body of toxins and boost the immune system. It is suggested to be effective in fighting off harmful elements and preventing degenerative diseases, but its effectiveness in treating cancer is not proven. Minor side effects may […]
Cell cycle arrest is a natural stopping point in the cell cycle, induced by internal or external factors. It allows cells to maintain integrity and prevent cancer. Drugs and environmental factors can induce cell cycle arrest, which can be used for cancer therapy or have unintended side effects. Cell cycle arrest is a stopping point […]
Stem cell differentiation is the process where stem cells develop into specialized cells. Potency determines how many cell types a stem cell can mature into. Researchers study embryonic development to learn about birth defects and an organism’s biological history. Stem cell differentiation is a process in which a non-specialized stem cell develops into a particular […]
The cell cycle consists of four phases: G1, S, G2, and M (mitosis), with M further divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. G1, S, and G2 are collectively known as interphase. During S, DNA is replicated, and during G2, cells prepare for mitosis. Mitosis begins with prophase, followed by metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis […]
Stem cell research has potential to cure diseases but raises ethical concerns about human cloning and destruction of embryos. Stem cells can come from embryos or adult tissue, with embryonic stem cells having more uses. The ethical debate centers around the potential for human cloning and when life begins. Stem cell research is legal in […]
Stem cell technology studies stem cells in humans and animals, which have the potential to regenerate organs and treat diseases. The use of human embryos is controversial, but research is being done on using adult stem cells and synthesizing stem cells through gene manipulation. Stem cell technology is a field of medical research that studies […]
Cellular immunity allows the body to attack infected cells using cells like macrophages and natural killer cells. It works with humoral immunity to form a healthy immune system, constantly replenishing new immune cells to recognize and respond to new infectious material. Cellular immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity, is an important aspect of the immune […]
The ostrich egg is not the largest biological cell, as there are nerve cells in long animals that can be up to 39 meters long and algae, such as Caulerpa, that can reach 10 meters in length. The ostrich egg is only the heaviest airframe. The largest biological cell is often referred to as the […]
The cell cycle consists of sequential phases involving cellular structures and genetic material. Most cells are in interphase, followed by mitosis and cytokinesis. DNA replication occurs during the S phase, and errors can be corrected. Chromosomes become visible during prophase, and the final split is a separate stage. A cell cycle phase is a phase […]
Cell cycle analysis uses fluorescent dyes to identify a cell’s phase, which changes as it goes through interphase and mitosis. Flow cytometry measures the intensity of fluorescence to determine the amount of DNA in the cell. The resulting histogram shows two peaks, one for G1 and one for G2, with cells in S phase in […]
Spindle cell carcinoma is an aggressive cancer that often originates in connective tissues and can spread rapidly. It is more common in areas exposed to the sun and can cause tumors that may be surgically removed. Treatment options include chemotherapy and radiation, but prevention through healthy habits is key. Symptoms include skin masses and fatigue, […]
Clear cell ovarian cancer is a type of epithelial cancer that forms in the surface lining of one of the ovaries. It can be malignant or benign, but most clear cell tumors are found to be malignant. Symptoms usually don’t appear until the cancerous cells have spread to other parts of the body. Early diagnosis […]
