A concentration cell has two sections with different concentrations connected by a component. When activated, the concentrations equalize, generating a voltage that can be measured using a voltmeter and the Nernst equation. Corrosion can occur due to metal ions, oxygen concentration, and contact with other materials. Concentration cells can be used to measure soil acidity […]
The diamond anvil cell is a machine used by physicists to simulate extremely high pressures for researching properties of materials. It consists of two flawless diamonds, a force-exerting device, and a metal gasket. It allows access to materials that would otherwise be unobservable. The diamond anvil cell is a machine used by physicists to put […]
Islet cell carcinoma is a rare disease affecting pancreatic tissue cells, which can be functional or non-functional. Tumors are categorized based on the type of pancreatic endocrine cells affected and symptoms vary. Diagnosis is made through laboratory and imaging tests, and treatment depends on the number and location of tumors. Islet cell carcinoma, also known […]
Leydig cell tumors are rare growths that develop in the testicles or ovaries from cells that produce testosterone. They can cause the development of masculine or feminine characteristics and may be benign or malignant. Treatment varies depending on the type of tumor. A Leydig cell tumor is a rare type of growth that most often […]
Papillary renal cell carcinoma is a type of kidney cancer that accounts for 10-15% of renal cell tumors. It is characterized by finger-like bumps and is more common in males. Hereditary and environmental factors can increase the risk of developing this cancer. Symptoms include blood in urine, fever, and lower back pain. Treatment options depend […]
Natural killer cells are white blood cells that defend against foreign invaders such as tumors, bacteria, and viruses by recognizing human leukocyte antigens (HLA) on the surface of other cells. If the HLA appears foreign, the natural killer cell will release toxins that kill the foreign cell. However, the body has steps in place to […]
T-cell immunity is a type of immune response that uses white blood cells called T cells to destroy foreign invaders. There are different types of T cells, including helper, killer, suppressor, and memory T cells. Antigen presentation is required for T-cell immunity to work, and killer T cells attack and kill infected cells. T-cell immunity […]
Electrolytic cells use electrical energy to cause a chemical reaction, usually with two metal electrodes in a fluid. They can be used for oxygen and hydrogen gas production, electroplating, and rechargeable batteries. They differ from voltaic cells, which convert chemical energy into electricity. Electrolytic cells can be powered by a battery and are used for […]
The Daniell cell, a copper-zinc battery with a porous barrier, was invented in 1836 by John Frederic Daniell. It solved the problems of zinc reduction and polarization in Volta’s design by isolating the metals in separate electrolytes. It is now mostly used in classrooms to demonstrate how batteries work. The Daniell cell is a kind […]
Granular cell tumors are rare neoplasms most commonly found on the tongue, with a predilection for the dermis or subcutaneous tissues. They are usually benign and can be cured through surgical removal, but malignant granular cell tumors can recur and cause death. A granular cell tumor is a neoplasm or new growth most commonly found […]
Squamous cell carcinoma in situ is a treatable cancer of squamous cells that has not yet become invasive and can affect any part of the body, especially those most exposed to sunlight, toxins, or HPV. It can be removed before becoming invasive, but if left untreated, it can become life-threatening. Treatment involves eliminating the cancer, […]
Biofuel cells generate electricity through redox reactions using biological materials, mimicking natural processes used to produce energy. They consist of two sections divided by a permeable barrier, with one section oxidizing a carbohydrate and the other reducing it. There are two methods for extracting electrons from the enzyme at the anode: Direct Electron Transfer (DET) […]
Becoming a stem cell researcher requires an academic foundation in biomedical sciences, including internships and advanced degrees. Specializing in molecular, developmental, or cellular biology can prepare you for research assignments. Internships and developing problem-solving and critical thinking skills can also help. Career prospects include working for public or private entities, pharmaceutical companies, universities, or healthcare […]
A red blood cell count (RBC) determines the number, shape, and size of red blood cells in a blood sample. Normal ranges vary by age and gender. A low count may indicate anemia, while a high count may indicate heart, lung, or kidney problems. The test is part of a complete blood count and is […]
Small cell carcinoma is a deadly lung cancer caused by smoking or asbestos exposure. It is not staged numerically and is diagnosed through imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment involves chemotherapy, but the prognosis is poor as it quickly metastasizes to other organs. Prevention includes avoiding smoking and secondhand smoke. Small cell carcinoma is a type […]
A conductivity cell measures the electrical conductivity of a substance. Two and four electrode cells are common, with the cell constant (K) determining the type. Calibration is necessary to account for changes in the cell constant and temperature. Two-electrode cells are supported by most conductivity meters, while four-electrode cells simplify measurement. A complete measuring system […]
Natural killer cells are part of the immune system and can recognize and destroy cancerous or infected cells. They are regulated by the immune system and release chemicals to kill cells by programmed cell death. NK cells are part of the innate immune system and have two types of receptors. They release cytokines and chemokines […]
Programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis, is a process by which cells self-destruct to maintain homeostasis and development in animals and plants. It can have negative effects if triggered by viruses or not occurring properly, such as in cancer or HIV/AIDS. It is responsible for the development of individual fingers and toes in humans […]
Squamous cell carcinoma of the neck is caused by damage to epithelial cells in organs such as the larynx and pharynx, often due to tobacco and alcohol consumption. Other risk factors include exposure to environmental irritants and certain types of HPV. Genetic factors also play a role. Treatment options include gene alteration, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, […]
Using a cell phone at a red light violates California’s law against cell phone use while driving. 20% of US drivers access the internet on their smartphones while driving. Texting while driving is illegal in 35 US states and can increase stopping distance by 17 times more than being legally intoxicated. It is illegal to […]
