Chemical bonds are formed by atoms sharing or transferring electrons. The three main types are ionic, covalent, and polar covalent. Hydrogen bonds are also included. Ionic bonds occur when electrons are completely transferred, while covalent bonds occur when electrons are shared. Polar covalent bonds occur when atoms are different in electronegativity. Hydrogen bonds are important […]
Chemical processes involve reacting products to form new ones, often building larger molecules from smaller ones. Catalysts can aid reactions, and pilot plant testing is important before building a full-scale plant. Raw materials are procured and purified, and waste is minimized for an efficient and profitable operation. A chemical process is any laboratory or industrial […]
An addiction specialist helps people overcome addictions through counseling and creating treatment plans. They work with other specialists to provide comprehensive care and adjust treatment plans as needed. They also help patients adjust to life in recovery and may liaise with legal representatives. An addiction specialist works with people to help them overcome their addictions […]
The GRE Chemistry test covers analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry with 130 multiple-choice questions. Test takers have 2 hours and 50 minutes to complete the test and must pre-register and pay fees. Practice tests are available to identify areas for additional study. The Chemistry Graduate Record Examination (GRE) includes questions related to four different […]
Chemical reactions occur when bonds are formed or broken between molecules due to heat, radiation, or foreign chemicals. They can be classified into synthesis, analysis, substitution, and combustion. Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions. The number of possible chemical reactions is immense, especially in organic chemistry. The Haber-Bosch process is a crucial chemical reaction […]
Chemical engineering consulting companies provide experts in the field to work on specific jobs for clients, ranging from air pollution to food dyes. They are hired when a company has a chemical engineering need beyond their in-house staff’s capabilities. The jobs vary widely and can take place anywhere, and the consultants are usually highly experienced […]
Organic chemicals are composed of carbon-based molecules with covalent bonds and functional group elements. They occur naturally in living organisms and govern various reactions, including the production of synthetic pharmaceuticals and consumer goods. The study of organic chemistry began with the synthesis of urea in 1828 and the production of aspirin in 1899. Organic compounds […]
Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds, which include hydrogen and other elements. Originally defined as compounds from living organisms, it now includes artificially synthesized substances. Carbon’s ability to form strong bonds with many elements creates unique compounds used in everyday life, from food to clothing and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemistry is important for developing new products and […]
Chemical oceanographers study chemical processes in seawater to determine the effects of pollutants on marine environments. High school preparation in chemistry, biology, and physics is necessary, and a bachelor’s degree is usually the minimum requirement. Advanced training at the master’s or doctoral level is often necessary, and research internships are usually required. Chemical oceanographers study […]
Chemical pathologists analyze samples, identify diseases, report findings, perform autopsies, and instruct college students. They must have an analytical mind and a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in biology, chemistry, or a related field. They work in laboratories and teach at universities. A chemical pathologist plays an important role in the study of diseases and […]
Chemical loop combustion uses metal oxides instead of air in the combustion process, resulting in simplified exhaust gases. In chemical ring combustion, metal oxides are circulated between two reactors to oxidize fuel. Oxyfuel combustion separates oxygen from air, simplifying chemical reactions. Chemical loop combustion is advantageous for carbon sequestration. Chemical cycle combustion is a technique […]
Chemical loop combustion uses metal oxides instead of air for fuel combustion, with offgases primarily consisting of CO2 and water vapor. Chemical ring combustion involves two interconnected reactors, with metal oxides used to oxidize fuel. This simplifies exhaust gas content, making it easier and cheaper to sequester carbon dioxide. Chemical cycle combustion is a technique […]
Quantitative analytical chemistry measures known substances in a sample for quality control, while qualitative analytical chemistry identifies unknown substances. Organic analysis is complex and uses instrumental methods like gas-liquid chromatography and electrophoresis. Inorganic analysis applies to carbonless chemistry and uses modern instrumental methods like atomic absorption or atomic emission spectroscopy. TLC is a vital technique […]
Chemical traps can be used for safety, isolation, and detection. They rely on reactions with specific molecules and specialized filtration systems. Chemical cages control molecules for research, while detectors indicate the presence and concentration of chemicals. Custom design is necessary for specific applications. In science, a “chemical trap” can refer to several things, including a […]
Chemistry sets are educational tools that come with equipment, chemicals, and an instruction booklet for conducting experiments. They vary in complexity and safety, and can instill a lifelong interest in science. Parental supervision is recommended for younger children. A chemistry set is an educational tool that allows young people to explore their interest in chemistry […]
Chemical technicians process chemicals, complete orders, and write reports in various industries. They must follow safety protocols and specialize in a specific industry or technology. Advancement opportunities come with additional education and experience. A post-secondary education is typically required, and necessary qualities include attention to detail and problem-solving skills. A chemical technician has three areas […]
Physical chemistry is the foundation of all other fields of chemistry and relevant to almost all other scientific fields. It comprises four subject areas: thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, chemical kinetics, and statistical thermodynamics. These concepts seek to understand complex chemical problems in the context of biological, environmental, and materials sciences. There are literally millions of chemical […]
Chemical clocks are reactions that cause an observable event after a delay, often indicated by a change in color or production of gas. The iodine clock reaction is a common example. Cyclical reactions involve a solution that alternates between two or more states, and the Briggs-Rauscher reaction is an example of a three-color oscillating chemical […]
Bioorganic chemistry combines biochemistry and organic chemistry to study large-scale biological processes related to human health. It examines the chemistry and biology of interactions at the cellular level, including protein and DNA/RNA synthesis. It is used in medicine and pharmaceutical research and involves complex testing and accuracy. Some experts also teach or engage in private […]
Chemical compounds are made up of two or more elements that bond in a fixed ratio, determining their physical and chemical properties. They are represented by formulas, with more complex compounds requiring more complex formulas. Compounds differ from mixtures in their properties and require a chemical reaction to create. They can exist in different phases […]
