The civil calendar is a standardized system used by public officials and citizens, with the Gregorian calendar being the most common. It includes state holidays and is based on the Earth’s transit around the sun. Other regions have alternative calendars based on religious or civic systems. The civil calendar allows for recording major events, setting […]
Civil engineers build cities, bridges, waterworks, infrastructure, and roads. To earn a degree in civil engineering, fulfill four requirements: find a school, meet admissions requirements, pay tuition, and complete the course. Civil engineers often work in teams with other professionals and travel for long periods. Admission requirements vary and fees are higher than other degrees. […]
Civil court records contain information about cases that do not involve criminal activity. They can be obtained from the clerk’s office, but a fee may be charged. Civil court cases include divorce, child support and custody, property damage, and personal injury. Records are usually sealed for minors. The retention period varies by country. Contact the […]
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are guidelines used by US district courts to determine civil cases. They were established in 1938 and have undergone significant revisions, with the 2007 version containing 11 chapters and 86 rules. Reading the rules is recommended for anyone involved in a federal civil process. The federal rules of civil […]
Magna Carta was a 13th-century document that guaranteed certain rights to English citizens. Civil liberties are fundamental freedoms granted to citizens, usually defined by law and evidenced in government documentation. Different countries grant similar rights to citizens, but the types of civil liberties may vary. There are ongoing discussions about how many civil liberties should […]
Civil rights unions protect citizens’ rights from discrimination based on beliefs, disabilities, or ethnic origins. They ensure fair trials, equal protection of laws, and freedom from discrimination. Civil rights unions are non-profit organizations that observe political candidates and campaign against those who threaten citizens’ rights. A civil rights union is a group of individuals who […]
A junior civil engineer assists a senior engineer in designing structures, communicating with construction teams, and monitoring construction costs. They use engineering programs to create designs and visit construction sites to ensure accuracy. The junior engineer is closely monitored initially but eventually performs duties independently. A junior civil engineer helps a senior civil engineer with […]
Civil harassment involves behavior that scares or annoys someone without a legitimate purpose, such as threats, violence, or stalking. Temporary restraining orders can be issued until a hearing, where a judge can issue a permanent restraining order if evidence is presented. Mediation can also be used to resolve disputes. Civil harassment includes threats, violence, stalking, […]
The Liability Act deals with injuries and compensates victims. Tort liability can be established through strict liability, willful intent, or negligence. Injuries can include financial, emotional, and material damages. Compensation is dictated by jurisdiction and can include actual, aggravated, or punitive damages. The Liability Act is the legislative body that deals with injuries and provides […]
Civil evidence includes written documents, physical items, witness testimony, and demonstrative evidence. It must be relevant and genuine, and can be used to support or refute claims in court. The judge decides whether evidence is admissible, and if excluded, the jury must disregard it. Civil evidence is legal evidence that can be used in a […]
Civil misdemeanors are non-criminal violations that usually result in fines or fees. They can vary widely by jurisdiction and failure to pay can result in serious consequences. Traffic citations and municipal offenses are common examples, with specific rules for behavior in public areas and homes. Contesting a summons usually involves a brief court appearance. Some […]
Legal systems can be divided into civil law and common law systems. Common law relies on precedent, while civil law uses a civil code to make laws. Civil codes are not always easy to implement as the law is constantly evolving. The US is a common law system, except for Louisiana, which uses a true […]
Civil injunctions are court orders that prohibit or mandate actions to protect the community. They can target individuals or groups and vary by location. They can prevent domestic or sexual violence, curb gang-related crimes, and prevent non-criminal groups from breaking the law. Penalties for violating an order vary by jurisdiction. Civil injunctions are court orders […]
A civil litigation attorney represents clients in court for civil cases and must have knowledge of civil procedure, evidence rules, and local court rules. They specialize in specific areas of civil law and must have persuasive legal writing and questioning skills. In the trial phase, they must know how to present witnesses, cross-examine, and tell […]
Civil contempt occurs when a party disobeys a court order, with penalties aimed at forcing compliance. The convict must have known of the order and refused to comply. Penalties vary, but fines are not meant to punish. Child custody cases are a common example. Civil contempt is different from criminal contempt, which directly interferes with […]
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits workplace discrimination based on race, national origin, color, religion, and gender. Amendments have made discrimination based on pregnancy and sexual harassment illegal. The law also extends to involvement in unions and other employment organizations. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act and Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay […]
Civil supervisor jobs involve overseeing various construction projects such as bridges, roads, tunnels, airports, and power generation. They ensure compliance with health, safety, and building codes, meet project deadlines, and motivate work teams. Technical challenges include meeting nautical traffic requirements for bridges and creating layouts for airports that allow for smooth flow on the ground […]
A civil judgment determines financial responsibility for non-criminal legal matters. It awards remunerative and punitive damages, but does not involve imprisonment or restraining orders. The winning party may need to employ an attorney to collect damages, which could include wage garnishment or liens on assets. Unpaid judgments can negatively affect credit scores. A civil judgment […]
Civil negligence is the failure to act as a reasonable person would, resulting in injury or loss. Plaintiffs must prove duty of care, violation, injury, and causation. Comparative negligence assigns percentages of fault, and damages aim to restore the plaintiff to their original condition. Civil negligence, according to many jurisdictions, is the violation of a […]
Management liability insurance protects businesses and corporations from legal proceedings, including directors and officers liability, employment practices liability, commercial torts, and fiduciary liability. It is not the same as errors and omissions policies and is important for protecting shareholder investments and company assets. Insurance is often intended to protect the assets and interests of the […]
