The Hazen-Williams equation calculates pressure drop in fluid flow through pipes due to friction, diameter, and flow rate. It has limitations and is now largely obsolete due to computer calculations. The equation has two formulas, one imperial and one metric, and is still used for some liquid flow systems. The Darcy-Weisbach equation is used for […]
Chemical equations represent molecular interactions and the way atoms are arranged in a reaction. Chemical formulas indicate the composition of a compound. Equations must be balanced, and stoichiometry is used to calculate product amounts. Additional notation can reveal more information about the reaction. A chemical equation is a representation of molecular interactions in their relative […]
The rendering equation deals with how light bounces off surfaces in computer graphics to create realistic 3D scenes. Direct and indirect light must be considered, with video games presenting unique challenges. The equation is complex and includes variables, and designers must ensure light accurately details texture and blends with shadows. While the equation can create […]
Potential energy equations explain how energy is stored in various systems, such as elastic potential energy in springs and gravitational potential energy on Earth. Chemical reactions and nuclear fission also involve potential energy. Work done on a system equals the potential energy lost. Several equations used in science come from a potential energy equation. A […]
Quadratic equations have three terms in the standard form and were first used by Babylonian mathematicians. They can be solved using factoring, completing the square, or the quadratic formula, with the discriminant indicating the type and number of solutions. Online solvers are available. A quadratic equation consists of a single variable with three terms in […]
Beam equations describe the behavior of beams under stress and are derived from beam theory. They are used to predict how much a beam will move or bend and to determine if it could be in danger of failure. The equations are complex and require knowledge of calculus. Beam theory was first developed in the […]
The Bronsted-Lowry theory defines acids and bases by their ability to donate and accept protons. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation uses these definitions to find the pH or concentrations of a buffer solution. Accurate buffers are useful in titration and industrial applications such as shampoo production. Bronsted-Lowry theory defines acids and bases by their ability to donate […]
The accounting equation shows the relationship between assets, liabilities, and net worth in double-entry bookkeeping. Net worth is determined by subtracting liabilities from assets. The equation is critical for understanding balance sheets and ensuring accurate accounting. The accounting equation represents the basic equation associated with double-entry bookkeeping. Essentially, this equation establishes the formula to represent […]
The Nernst equation determines the resting potential of cell membranes based on ion concentration. Excitable cells generate an electrical impulse that changes membrane permeability, making the Nernst equation inaccurate. The Goldman equation is preferred for a more accurate assessment of membrane potential. The Nernst equation determines the resting potential of cell membranes in the body […]
