Evolutionary biology studies the origin of species through genetic variation and natural selection, tracing the shared ancestry of organisms. Modern evolutionary biology emerged in the 1930s and 1940s, with universities creating departments in the 1970s and 1980s. Evolutionary biologists determine how often certain adaptive traits evolved independently and trace the ancestors of modern organisms. They […]
Cetaceans, including whales, dolphins, and porpoises, are a group of aquatic mammals that evolved from terrestrial ancestors. The discovery of proto-land whales, the pakicetids, in Pakistan in 1983 provided evidence of their evolution. Pakicetids had three characteristics unique to whales and were at least semi-aquatic. Ambulocetids, also found in Pakistan, were fully aquatic and had […]
Evolutionary economics uses evolutionary biology to explain economic phenomena. It argues that markets are devices of selection, with low-productivity enterprises being forced out of the market and high-productivity firms continuing to grow. The theory has been applied to various fields, including industrial organization and innovation management. Evolutionary economics is a branch of economic theory that […]
