Tay-Sachs is a genetic disorder that affects neurological function and has no cure. It is caused by a genetic mutation that impairs the body’s ability to metabolize fatty substances, resulting in neurological impairment. Diagnosis is confirmed through a Tay-Sachs screen test, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms. The severity of symptoms depends on the relationship […]
Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder causing disproportionate dwarfism due to the inability to convert cartilage into bone in the ends of long bones. It is caused by a random genetic mutation and can lead to physical problems such as middle ear infections, stooping of the legs, dental problems, and weight issues. Two potentially fatal physical […]
Genetic counselors provide education and guidance to patients and families about genetic disorders, including diagnosis, treatment options, and family planning. They act as a liaison between doctors and patients, and stay up-to-date on the latest research and clinical techniques. To become a genetics counselor, a master’s degree and regional licensure are typically required. A genetics […]
Genetic mutations can cause disease, but not all carriers show symptoms. The proportion of symptomatic carriers is called penetrance. Complete penetrance means the gene always causes disease, while incomplete penetrance means not all carriers develop symptoms. Coexisting genes can modify disease expression. In genetics, some genetic mutations are capable of causing disease. Sometimes, all people […]
Quantitative genetics studies natural variation in observable genetic traits, such as height, influenced by both genotype and environment. Researchers analyze distribution curves of traits to understand genetic inheritance and natural variation within populations, which can aid medical diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the full natural variation of genetic traits and environmental factors can help identify unique […]
Mendelian genetics, developed by Gregor Mendel in the 1800s, is the foundation of classical genetics. Mendel’s experiments with peas led to the discovery of two laws of genetics, although he didn’t realize some traits involve multiple places or are linked. His theories were not initially well-received, but later scientists built on them to create classical […]
To earn a PhD in genetics, you may need to start preparing in high school, earn a bachelor’s degree in a science major, and possibly a master’s degree. You’ll need to submit an application, transcripts, test scores, and letters of recommendation. Each school has unique requirements, but generally, you’ll need to complete required courses, research, […]
Complementation tests study how organisms overcome genetic abnormalities to maintain a normalized trait. Mutations are recessive traits that require two different recessive contributions. Complementation occurs when an organism has normal genetic expression despite two known mutations. These tests help determine where specific mutations occur on a gene and which genes are responsible for the mutation. […]
Gene flow is the transfer of alleles between populations, increasing or decreasing genetic diversity. It occurs within and between species, with bacteria being able to transfer genes between species. Migration and pollen transfer are examples of gene flow, with some enhancing biodiversity and others limiting natural variation. Gene flow can erase unique traits and ecologists […]
The shotgun method breaks up DNA into random fragments and sequences them using the chain termination method. Multiple reads are used to create a continuous sequence, but errors can occur due to repeating sequences. Next-generation sequencing is now faster but less accurate. The shotgun method is used to sequence long strands of a deoxyribonucleic acid […]
A genetic linkage map helps scientists map the order of traits in DNA by showing how often they recombine. It can help find genes that cause genetic diseases. Genetic recombination occurs during meiosis, allowing offspring to have different traits from their parents. DNA markers with higher recombination frequency are shown as distant on the map. […]
Nondisjunction is a genetic defect where chromosomes don’t separate properly during cell division, resulting in aneuploids. It can occur during meiosis I or II, causing trisomy or monosomy. Nondisjunction can lead to birth defects and genetic abnormalities, including Down syndrome and Turner syndrome. Genetic testing can detect these disorders, but there are no known cures. […]
Population genetics is a central feature of modern evolutionary synthesis, studying genetic distribution and change in allele frequency within a species. It can explain the emergence of new adaptations and is verified through the study of species with short replication times. The five evolutionary forces studied are natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, migration, and nonrandom […]
Genetics may play a role in obesity, with certain genes increasing the chances of obesity. However, lifestyle, diet, and environment are also important factors. The melanocortin 4 receptor gene and FTO are two genes that may contribute to obesity. Understanding the genetic link can help prevent excessive weight gain and screen for obesity-related health conditions. […]
A chiasm is a point where sister chromatids exchange genetic information during meiosis, allowing for new combinations of genetic material and evolution. Errors in the chiasm can result in genetic defects. The X-shaped chiasm can be seen under a microscope during meiosis. A chiasm is a contact point between sister chromatids that forms during meiosis, […]
Synteny is when two or more genes are found on the same chromosome shared by different species. It helps discover the genetic histories and relatedness of species to each other. The word comes from Greek words meaning “together with” and “band”. It is believed to be caused by evolution and adaptation. Some scientists argue that […]
Linkage groups are sets of genes inherited together, often transmitted through recombination. They can be used to map genomes and identify regions implicated in disease or instability. Linkage group analysis has applications in human health, identifying new genes and drug targets. A linkage group is a set of genes that are close enough in a […]
Genetics is the study of biological heredity, examining inherited traits from fruit-bearing to eye color. Humans have understood genetics for thousands of years, with Gregor Mendel considered the father of modern genetics. DNA holds the secret to inheritance, allowing researchers to manipulate it for desired results, and study inherited diseases and behavioral problems. Genetics is […]
