What’s a Grain Boundary?

Grain boundaries are lines on the surface of crystalline solids formed when a material cools from a liquid to a solid. Metallurgists can modify the behavior of metals by changing the size and shape of grains and their boundaries through heating, cooling, and compressing. Grain boundaries are vulnerable to corrosive attack and forced growth of […]

What’s “against the grain” mean?

“Going against the grain” means going against social norms or something unpleasant. It can be used negatively to describe someone else or positively for oneself. Other idioms with similar meanings include “going against the tide” and “swimming against the tide.” The phrase comes from planing wood against the grain, which leads to a less desirable […]

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