The Gram stain test identifies bacterial species by detecting lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans in cell walls. Gram-positive bacteria have high peptidoglycan levels, while Gram-negative bacteria have lower levels with lipopolysaccharides. The test involves treating a bacterial sample with gentian violet iodine solution, rinsing with water, applying Gram’s solution, rinsing with ethyl alcohol, and applying a counterstain. […]
Gold is measured in grams and valued in different currencies using symbols such as dd, AUG, and GAU. It has been used as a display of wealth for centuries and is essential for international trade. Gold reserves are held by central banks and can be used to raise funds. Digital gold currencies are electronic money […]
