Hydrogen rockets use hydrogen and oxygen as propellant, releasing energy when ignited. The reaction is efficient and used in space launches, but hydrogen must be kept in liquid form. Model rockets on Earth use the same concept, but don’t need to carry oxygen. Simple experiments can illustrate the power of the reaction. A hydrogen rocket […]
Hydrogen-powered cars offer environmental benefits and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. However, extracting hydrogen cleanly and renewably is a challenge. The byproducts of hydrogen fuel cells are heat and water, unlike gasoline engines that emit harmful pollutants. Hydrogen could also reduce dependence on foreign oil for some countries. The main advantage that hydrogen-powered cars provide […]
Fresh water and petroleum-based hydrocarbon products are the most important hydrogen compounds used in industry. 15 billion cubic meters of fresh water is used annually for industrial purposes, while petroleum consumption has increased until 2009, when it fell for the first time in 30 years. Developing countries’ industrialization is rapidly increasing the demand for water, […]
There are various methods for generating hydrogen, including electrolysis, solid oxide fuel cells, biological processes, and using electricity from solar cells. These methods vary depending on the source material and intended use. New developments include using molybdenum instead of platinum and using algae for hydrogen generation. Costs for hydrogen generation are becoming more competitive with […]
Hydrogen vehicles use hydrogen as fuel and do not produce carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions. However, producing a practical and affordable hydrogen vehicle has proven difficult, and hydrogen is typically produced from fossil fuels. There are no production-scale hydrogen vehicles on the market, and interest in developing them has waned since the financial crisis […]
Hydrogen vehicles use hydrogen as fuel and do not produce carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions, but are not considered truly “zero emission” as hydrogen is typically produced from fossil fuels. The challenges of producing a practical and affordable hydrogen vehicle have proven difficult, leading to a shift in interest and funding towards electric and […]
Hydrogen embrittlement weakens metals by making them brittle and prone to cracking due to hydrogen infiltration. It can occur during manufacturing processes or as a byproduct of corrosive reactions. The trapped hydrogen creates internal pressure, leading to cracks and stress points. Some metals are more susceptible than others, and firing the metal within an hour […]
Hydrogen peroxide is marketed as a way to increase energy, prevent cancer and infections, and dissolve fatty tissue. However, there is no scientific evidence to support these claims, and the body absorbs oxygen through the lungs, not the digestive system. Additionally, the amount of oxygen in hydrogen peroxide is not enough to make a difference. […]
Hydrogen is produced through various methods including steam reforming, hydrogen pinching, electrolysis, thermolysis, and biohydrogen production. Steam reforming is the most common method, while hydrogen pinching captures excess hydrogen. Electrolysis and thermolysis separate hydrogen molecules from water and urine, respectively. Biohydrogen production uses biological processes to produce hydrogen. Cost-effective methods need to be developed for […]
Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless gas that is flammable and the lightest element known in nature. It is essential for life and has three isotopes. Its chemical properties make it highly reactive, and it is an important area of research as a fuel source. Fusion energy production relies on hydrogen compounds, but the process remains […]
Hydrogen is a viable source of energy due to its abundance and lack of toxic emissions. It is harvested from compounds through methods such as electrolysis and steam reforming, and stored in tanks before being used in fuel cells or batteries. Hydrogen energy is used in space shuttles, cars, buses, trains, and even rural hospitals. […]
Metallic hydrogen is a highly compressed form of hydrogen found in gas giants and stars. It was first synthesized in 1996 under extreme laboratory conditions and may have the potential to be a room temperature superconductor. It is thought to exist in the cores of Jupiter, Saturn, and the Sun. Metallic hydrogen is a kind […]
Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds formed between hydrogen and electronegative atoms. They can be intermolecular or intramolecular and are responsible for the complex structure of proteins. The most common example is in water, where it is responsible for the high boiling point. The length and strength of the bond vary with temperature, pressure, and environment. […]
Hydrogen combustion is a process where hydrogen reacts with an oxidizing agent to release thermal energy. It requires energy input to initiate the reaction and produces water vapor and heat. Hydrogen has potential as a clean and renewable energy source, but its efficiency is limited. Hydrogen-based fuel cells are being developed for various applications. The […]
Hydrogen is a highly flammable element that makes up 75% of the universe and is used as a fuel source. Its atomic number is one and it has numerous industrial uses. It was discovered in the 1400s and recognized as an element in 1766. It is dangerous and must be handled with care. Hydrogen is […]
Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidizing agent with many uses, but its added oxygen makes it unstable. It is usually diluted in water for safety. Different concentrations are used for various purposes, including rocket fuel. The lowest concentration (3%) is used for mouthwash and wound cleansing, while the highest concentration (98%) is used as fuel. […]
Hydrogen peroxide, in a 90% concentration, is used as rocket fuel by the Russian space program. It is stable, legal to buy, and stored in vented aluminum alloy containers. The propellant is pressurized with nitrogen and reacts with a silver catalyst to create steam, which propels the rocket. It is considered safe and used in […]
Hydrogen compressors are used to store hydrogen gas at high pressures of 5,000-10,000 PSI due to its low density. Common types include piston/metal diaphragm and rotor compressors, with some using no moving parts. Most industrial facilities use positive displacement pumps capable of producing over 15,000 PSI. A hydrogen compressor is a device designed specifically to […]
The hydrogen line is a radio frequency emission from cold hydrogen gas in space, detectable due to its wavelength of 21.1 cm. Electrons emit electromagnetic radiation when they descend energy levels, with frequency proportional to energy. Hydrogen atoms emit radiation at 21 cm due to a spin change, which is detectable by radio astronomy and […]
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a colorless gas that can exist as a liquid at everyday temperatures. It is a weak acid that reacts with metals, metal oxides, and silicates, and is used in the production of PTFE, semiconductor industry, uranium extraction, glass etching, and rust stain removal. HF is highly toxic and corrosive, causing severe […]
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