Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) span the entire cell membrane and are permanently attached. They are classified into two groups: transmembrane and monotopic. Transmembrane IMPs are the most common and include receptors, transporters, and transmitters. Monotopic IMPs are attached to the membrane on one side and include enzymes. IMPs can only be removed with specific chemical […]
Integral calculus calculates the area under a curve of a mathematical function, with wide applications in physics and engineering. Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz were pioneers of calculus, but Newton’s accusations of plagiarism destroyed Leibniz’s reputation. Integration works by summing an infinite number of infinitesimal strips to give the exact value of the area. Calculus […]
