USMLE test results are reported as both three-digit and two-digit scores, with passing scores changing annually. The Clinical Skills (CS) Step 2 test is classified as pass or fail, with no numerical scores provided. USMLE results are important for physicians in training, as they are necessary for practicing medicine independently and can impact residency appointments. […]
Liver function tests measure enzymes and proteins in the blood to detect liver damage or disease. Elevated levels of enzymes such as ALT, AST, and ALP, as well as low levels of proteins like albumin and total protein, can indicate liver problems. Bilirubin levels can also indicate liver damage or disease. A person’s liver function […]
The TOEFL test has four sections, each worth up to 30 points, with no pass or fail scores. Raw scores are converted to a 30-point scale, and institutions may require specific scores in each section. To interpret your TOEFL results, you need to compare your actual scores with the highest possible scores and with the […]
Biopsy results can indicate normal or abnormal cell changes, infections, and diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. Inconclusive results may require further testing, and treatment options depend on the type and severity of the abnormality. Some types of cancer are classified based on biopsy results, such as the Gleason score for prostate cancer and HER2-positive […]
Allergies can be debilitating, requiring professional help from an allergist. Immunotherapy involves injecting increasing doses of allergens to desensitize patients. Allergy testing determines the course of therapy, with up to three sera created and injected weekly for a year, then monthly for four years or more. Potency increases are based on the initial allergy test […]
The glucose tolerance test checks blood glucose levels for gestational or type 2 diabetes. The patient fasts for 8 hours, drinks a glucose solution, and has blood drawn. Results are compared to normal levels and can indicate diabetes or other health problems. Results can be affected by illness, stress, or medications. The glucose tolerance test […]
Colposcopy is a medical exam that involves applying fluid to the cervix to look for abnormal cells and taking a tissue sample. CIN 1 is monitored, while CIN 2 and 3 require treatment. Treatment options include laser treatment, cryotherapy, cold coagulation, and LLETZ. During the medical exam known as a colposcopy, fluid is applied to […]
Statutes are laws passed by legislative bodies, but may need interpretation by courts. Common law systems often require courts to interpret statutes using methods such as examining purpose and history, compliance with other laws, and canons of interpretation. Judges may also rely on ancient building codes. Canons include deference, textual, and substantive rules to guide […]
The NCLEX-PN and NCLEX-RN exams are required to become a licensed nurse in the US. Administered by Pearson VUE, the computer-based test varies in length and difficulty based on the student’s answers. Results are emailed by the NCSBN, with information on specific areas of success or failure. The National Board Licensing Exams – known as […]
Consult your doctor to determine if your follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) results are normal, as levels can vary based on age, geographic region, and testing laboratory. FSH tests are typically done on day 3 of the menstrual cycle to assess ovarian reserves, with levels below nine considered normal for women hoping to conceive. Higher levels […]
Understanding STD test results can be confusing. “Positive” means signs of an STD were found, “negative” means no signs were found. “Inconclusive” terms like “equivocal” or “indeterminate” mean the test was inconclusive. “Reference range” and “value” are also included in results. False positives or negatives can occur, so tests may need to be repeated. When […]
CRP is a substance produced by the body during inflammation. Elevated CRP levels indicate inflammation is present, and PCR results are used for diagnosis and treatment monitoring. The CRP test is often done in conjunction with other tests, and follow-up testing may be recommended based on results obtained. CRP is short for C-reactive protein, which […]
