The atomic mass unit (AMU) is a universally applied measurement based on 1/12 of the total mass of a single carbon-12 atom. AMUs are used in every science except biology and biochemistry, and are convenient because one unit equals one atom of hydrogen. However, AMUs do not account for the energy that binds the nucleus […]
A time-of-flight mass spectrometer ionizes a sample, separates and pushes molecules into a detector, and determines the mass/charge ratio of each ion to ascertain the chemical composition of the sample. It is useful in various fields, including research, law enforcement, and product development. The device has an ion generator, drift tube, reflector, and detector, and […]
Accelerator mass spectrometers use magnetism and high voltage to measure radioactive elements. They are used in archaeology to date artifacts and in medical diagnostic testing. The device has a magnetic separator and a tandem accelerator that accelerates particles and directs them to a detector. An accelerator mass spectrometer is a laboratory device that uses a […]
Electrospray mass spectrometry (EMS) is used to study large molecules without fragmentation. A pure macromolecular sample is dissolved in a solvent system, injected into a high voltage electric field, and studied. EMS coupled with time-of-flight analysis and collision cooling reduces fragmentation. Isotopes can affect EMS determinations, making monoisotopic samples preferable. A mass spectrometer (MS) is […]
A gas mass spectrometer detects the concentration of elements in known and unknown samples by sensing the deflection of charged ions in a magnetic field. Inorganic analysis produces a characteristic spectrum, while organic analysis is more complex. In a gas chromatography mass spectrometer, compounds are separated by gas chromatography before being sent to the gas […]
Ionization mass spectrometers are used in various fields to identify the chemical composition of a substance. They work by charging particles in a sample and sorting them by mass to create a spectrum. They are used in geology, meteorology, space exploration, medical research, and industrial applications. They can identify chemicals in the human body, study […]
A tandem mass spectrometer is used to measure the mass of molecules and identify compounds in a sample. It can fragment molecules and ions to identify proteins and other organic substances. The detector tracks ion activity and creates a graph to show the molecular mass and amount of each substance in the sample. Different experiments […]
Mass physics studies the properties of mass in relation to forces. Weight is the measure of gravity needed to keep objects on Earth, while mass is the amount of matter in an object. Mass is divided into gravitational and inertial mass, which can be measured using known objects and Newton’s law of motion. Mass physics […]
Mass torts involve a large group of plaintiffs suing a small number of defendants for damages. They occur due to disasters, product liability cases, and toxic torts. Coordinated legal teams work with plaintiffs to gather evidence and take the case to trial or settlement. Notices are issued to potential plaintiffs to join the case. Mass […]
Carbon isotope ratios in ancient strata can reveal climatic conditions and biological productivity during mass extinctions. They also provide evidence for an early origin of photosynthetic cyanobacteria and can estimate ocean circulation in the past. Testing the carbon isotope ratios of ancient or fossil strata can be useful in gaining access to climatic conditions and […]
The mass spectrometer determines chemical composition by ionizing and accelerating a sample through a chamber with a magnet that bends ions towards a detector. Different types of ionization are used, and the technique can detect isotopes and provide insight into chemical ratios. A mass spectrometer is a device that can be used to determine the […]
Mass arrests occur when law enforcement agencies take a large number of people into custody, often during protests or raids. This tactic is controversial and can violate civil rights, leading to lawsuits and criticism from human rights organizations. In democratic societies, arrests are typically made only under certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence […]
A moldy melon sold by a fruit seller in Peoria, Illinois in 1942 led to the discovery of a way to extract more penicillin than ever before, ultimately saving countless lives during World War II and beyond. The world owes a great debt of gratitude to a careless fruit seller in Peoria, Illinois. Although her […]
Choosing the best mass communication course depends on whether you want a degree program or a class, online or in-person, and hands-on learning. Consider courses that teach skills for your desired career and offer practical training with necessary equipment. Be mindful of scheduling and graduation requirements. Choosing the best mass communication courses for your circumstances […]
Bulk modulus is a material property that measures a material’s resistance to compression. Solids have a high bulk modulus, while gases have a low one. It is important to consider bulk modulus in high-pressure situations, such as in hydraulic equipment, to ensure proper system design and operation. The speed of sound and energy storage in […]
Quantitative mass spectrometry determines molecular mass and composition by ionizing and analyzing charged molecular fragments. It can analyze organic compounds, isotopes, and biological molecules such as proteins. Quantitative mass spectrometry is a method of determining both the molecular mass of a compound and what it is made from. Mass spectrometry works by exposing a sample […]
Air masses are large volumes of air with uniform temperature and moisture content, classified by their temperature and area of origin. Continental air masses are dry, while maritime air masses are moist. Air masses move based on temperature and density, creating air fronts that cause meteorological phenomena. Factors such as volcanic eruptions and melting polar […]
A mass driver is an electromagnetic catapult that launches payloads into orbit using a linear motor. High-speed linear motors are railguns and coilguns, with coilguns being used in mass driver propositions due to their control over speed and acceleration. Mass drivers could compete with chemical rockets, space elevators, and space fountains, and could make cheap […]
Mass production uses time-saving techniques like assembly lines to create many products quickly, reducing labor costs and allowing for lower prices. Before this, craftsmen built products from start to finish. Assembly lines have led to faster production but also to overskill and repetitive stress syndrome. Robotics are increasingly taking over mass assembly jobs. Mass production […]
Mass email marketing involves sending the same message to multiple email recipients using special software. It can be used by individuals or companies to promote products or services, but spam campaigns are also launched this way. Personalization and targeting are key for success, and opt-in recipient lists are recommended. Mass email marketing refers to a […]
