COPD is a lung disease caused by inflammation from long-term exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which restrict airflow and cause symptoms like shortness of breath, coughing, and fatigue. Smoking cessation is crucial for slowing disease progression and preserving lung function. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the umbrella […]
Myocardial infarction, or a heart attack, is caused by atherosclerosis, a disease that affects arterial walls and leads to plaque buildup. This can result in blockages or clots that cause damage to the heart muscle and can lead to various complications. Chest pain is the main symptom, and immediate medical attention is necessary if there […]
The pathophysiology of diabetes studies the changes and complications associated with the disease, including disturbances in insulin production, changes in blood glucose levels, and organ damage. It does not focus on treatments or cures, but is important for providing necessary care and support. The pathophysiology of diabetes refers to the changes related to or associated […]
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the body’s joints, causing inflammation, pain, and impaired movement. Factors such as genetics, infection, smoking, and a poorly regulated immune system may contribute to the disease. Females are more likely to develop RA, and infection and genetics may play a role. Smoking doubles […]
Preeclampsia is a serious condition that can occur in pregnant women, causing high blood pressure and potentially life-threatening complications. Regular checkups and early diagnosis are important, and antihypertensive drugs and magnesium can be used for treatment. Risk factors include obesity and a history of preeclampsia. The progression of the changes, taken together, that occur in […]
Trauma pathophysiology studies the changes in the body after injury. Abdominal and blunt trauma can cause severe damage to organs and bodily functions, while skeletal trauma can affect growth potential. The severity of trauma can range from mild to life-threatening. Trauma pathophysiology is the study of changes that occur in the body following a traumatic […]
Emphysema is a progressive condition that destroys lung tissue and impairs breathing. Diagnosis involves imaging and pulmonary function tests. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and skin discoloration. Smoking cessation is crucial for treatment, along with inhalant medication and supplemental oxygen. Severe cases may require a lung transplant. The sequential development of signs […]
Cerebral palsy is caused by brain injury or abnormality before birth or in childhood, leading to difficulties with muscle control, posture, and movement. Risk factors include premature birth, low birth weight, maternal illness, and childhood injuries. Symptoms vary, including delays in fine motor skills, problems with muscle tone and coordination, and deficits in other areas […]
Parkinson’s disease is caused by impaired dopamine production, resulting in uncontrolled movements and muscle stiffness. The disease is characterized by the presence of abnormal protein structures called Lewy bodies, which contribute to cell death and dysfunction. The pathophysiology is predominantly the same across all types of Parkinson’s, but the influencing factors may differ. Pathophysiology refers […]
Atrial fibrillation is a cardiac arrhythmia caused by a disruption of the heart’s electrical impulses. It can be caused by various factors, including congenital heart conditions, heart attacks, lung disease, infections, and chronic stimulant use. Symptoms can vary in intensity and presentation, and treatment involves restoring and maintaining the heart’s natural rhythm with medication and […]
Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when the body metabolizes fat, liver, and muscle cells for glucose and fatty acids due to a lack of insulin. This leads to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and potentially fatal symptoms. Treatment involves lowering blood sugar levels and correcting imbalances, and patients receive education on diabetes management. Stress and illness can trigger ketoacidosis […]
Abscesses are caused by the collection of pus in body tissue due to infection. White blood cells migrate to the infected area and form a cavity, which is separated from healthy tissue by an abscess wall. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgical drainage. An abscess results from the collection of pus in body tissue that has […]
Seizures occur when nerve cells in the brain become overly excited or fire abnormally due to various factors. The pathophysiology of seizures involves an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory forces, and treatments target both molecular abnormalities and non-chemical spread of excitation in the brain. A seizure occurs when one part of the brain becomes overly […]
Sepsis, or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), can affect various human tissues and have adverse outcomes if not treated quickly. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites and can result in multiple organ failure and severe cardiovascular difficulties. Most patients can recover with appropriate treatment. The pathophysiology of sepsis is determined by […]
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when microorganisms enter the urinary system through the urethra. UTI symptoms vary depending on the infected area. Risk factors include anatomical abnormalities, kidney stones, and sexual activity. Treatment involves antibiotics and completing the full course to avoid complications. The pathophysiology of urinary tract infection involves infection of urinary tract organs […]
