Cervical mucus in early pregnancy is similar to that before ovulation, typically white, creamy, and odorless. It gradually increases during the first trimester, and is considered normal. If accompanied by odor or irritation, it could signal an infection. Light pink or brown spots around the time of a missed period could indicate implantation. Cervical mucus […]
The accuracy of a pregnancy test after a miscarriage depends on hormone levels, timing, and the type of test used. Over-the-counter tests may be less accurate than repeat blood tests, which show hormone levels and changes over time. False positives are common, especially if the test is done shortly after the miscarriage. The accuracy of […]
Most medical experts recommend getting a tetanus vaccination during pregnancy or after giving birth, as it protects both mother and baby from the potentially fatal disease. The vaccine is safe during pregnancy and is usually combined with the diphtheria and pertussis vaccine. Side effects are minimal, and the vaccine is 95% effective. If unsure of […]
Hepatitis C carriers during pregnancy have no increased risk of complications, but transmission to the baby during delivery is possible, with an average risk of 5%. Severe liver damage can cause serious complications, and there is no cure or treatment to prevent transmission from mother to baby. There have been few studies to determine the […]
During the third trimester, fetuses develop rapidly and can survive outside the mother’s body if delivered before full term. Women experience discomfort due to weight gain and cramped space. Organs become fully mature and immunity is gained. Women attend regular prenatal appointments and should rest and stay hydrated. During the third and final trimester of […]
Leg cramps are common during pregnancy, especially at night. They can be prevented by taking calcium supplements, eating potassium-rich foods, staying hydrated, and exercising. If there is swelling or pain to the touch, seek medical attention. It is common to have leg cramps during pregnancy. Most women will experience calf leg cramps at some point […]
During pregnancy, the heart rate of most women increases due to the need for more blood and increased body mass. This can cause problems for women with existing heart conditions, including rhythm problems and heart failure. Women with artificial valves may also need to adjust their medications. Just like many other bodily functions, heart rate […]
Heart palpitations during pregnancy can be caused by an increase in blood volume, hormones, stress, or heart conditions. While they are not necessarily a sign of illness, it is advisable to seek medical evaluation. Palpitations may be accompanied by shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, and fainting. Patients with existing heart problems who are pregnant or […]
Yoga during pregnancy has physical and mental benefits, including building muscle strength and flexibility, relieving discomforts, reducing stress, and increasing awareness of breath. Prenatal yoga classes are available, but modifications are necessary, and women should consult their doctor. Yoga may also benefit the developing fetus and can be resumed after giving birth with a doctor’s […]
Walking during pregnancy can maintain fitness and muscle tone, ease delivery, lower side effects and the risk of gestational diabetes. It can also have social benefits and be done on the mother’s schedule. Pregnant women should get their doctor’s approval before exercising. Walking during pregnancy can maintain the expectant mother’s fitness level and muscle tone. […]
During pregnancy, a woman’s blood volume increases by 50%, mainly in the second trimester, to meet the needs of the uterus and fetus. Multiple fetuses increase blood volume by 5%, and there is a risk of congestive heart failure. Delicate tissues may be more prone to damage and bleeding. During pregnancy, a woman’s blood volume […]
Bleeding during pregnancy is not always abnormal, but it should be reported to a doctor or midwife. Causes include infection, cervical changes, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy, placenta problems, preterm labor, and reproductive tract cancers. Additional symptoms should also be reported. Women with a history of pregnancy problems should inform their care providers. It’s important […]
Different types of pregnancy discharge are normal, including odorless leucorrhoea, brownish spotting, and cottage cheese-like discharge from yeast infections. Watery discharge could indicate amniotic fluid leakage. Unusual discharge with odor or itching may indicate an infection, while clear and thin discharge may indicate amniotic fluid leakage and requires medical attention. A woman can experience different […]
Probiotics during pregnancy can have beneficial effects for both mother and baby, but it is important to consult with a doctor first. Probiotics can treat vaginosis and diarrhea, and may reduce the occurrence of post-pregnancy obesity. There is debate about their effectiveness in reducing the risk of preterm labor. Probiotics can be found in fermented […]
Taking prenatal vitamins before pregnancy reduces the risk of developmental problems such as neural tube defects, low birth weight, and preterm birth. Prenatal vitamins contain extra calcium and folic acid, which benefit both mother and baby, promoting healthy brain and spinal cord development. Additional calcium supplements and omega-3 fatty acid supplements are also recommended for […]
Early pregnancy brings many changes to the body, including breast tenderness, morning sickness, and frequent urination. Hormonal changes can cause mood swings, tiredness, and constipation. A missed period is often the first sign of pregnancy, and regular doctor visits are important for monitoring the baby’s growth. Cravings, weight gain, and skin changes are also common. […]
Urine pregnancy tests detect the hormone hCG in urine or blood after a fertilized egg attaches to the uterus. A woman can take a home test about a week after missing a period, but false positives or negatives can occur. Tests cost less than $20 and are available at drugstores or online. A urine pregnancy […]
Anemia in pregnancy can cause fatigue, weakness, headaches, cold hands and feet, pale skin, chest pain, and irritability. Low iron levels are the leading cause, and tests are usually done during pregnancy to check for anemia. Precautions include taking prenatal vitamins and eating iron-rich foods. Symptoms of anemia in pregnancy can range from none to […]
The first trimester of pregnancy is characterized by hormonal surges that cause changes in the woman’s body, such as growth of the uterus and breasts, and in the developing baby, such as the formation of organ systems. The first 12 weeks are usually counted from the last menstrual cycle, and discomforts such as morning sickness […]
Mood swings are common in early pregnancy due to hormonal changes and physical symptoms. Some women may experience severe mood swings, but a healthy lifestyle can help alleviate symptoms. Antidepressants may be necessary in rare cases. Symptoms usually improve in the second trimester. Signs of mood swings in early pregnancy are hard to miss and […]
