The Pareto principle suggests that 80% of results come from 20% of effort/resources. It is not a hard rule, but a general assumption used in many fields. It can be used to make decisions about time management and improve productivity. It was named after economist Vilfredo Pareto and developed by Joseph M. Juran. The Pareto […]
The Peter Principle, created by sociologist Dr. Lawrence Peter, states that employees in an organization are promoted to their highest level of competence and then remain at a level where they are incompetent. This leads to a top-level bureaucracy filled with incompetent people, and the solution remains stalled due to the fear of admitting problems […]
The Elliott Wave principle is a technical analysis of stock and commodity trends, based on crowd psychology and social trends. It divides market cycles into Impulse and Corrective Waves, with five and three wave structures respectively, following a fractal pattern. The principle is widely accepted and reliable, with Ralph Nelson Elliott credited with formulating it […]
The overload principle involves overtraining muscles to force them to adapt and grow stronger. Weightlifters use this principle to increase muscle mass and strength, but it can also lead to injuries if not done properly. It is recommended to exercise with a partner and start with a reasonable weight. The overload principle is a term […]
The single responsibility principle in programming states that each class should have only one function, promoting encapsulation and modularity. However, it can lead to a large number of classes and difficulty in debugging. Responsibility-driven design separates data and methods for manipulation, but can generate intermediate designs. In computer programming and design, the principle of single […]
The principle of relativity states that the laws of physics work the same regardless of an observer’s position or speed. Galileo’s ship experiment illustrated this in the 1600s. Newton applied the principle to planetary bodies and motion, leading to his own theories. Einstein’s application of the principle to light led to his groundbreaking theories of […]
The Anthropic Principle states that the universe was created to allow for our existence, explaining coincidences such as the strange tuning of physical constants. The multiverse theory suggests our universe is one among many, with many being hostile to life. Anthropic reasoning has been used in areas such as superstring theory and predicting the fate […]
Archimedes’ principle explains buoyancy: a body in a liquid is subject to upward forces equal to the fluid it displaces. Archimedes discovered this in the 3rd century BC and also invented devices for science and warfare. A legend tells of him discovering the principle by testing a crown’s composition in a bath, leading him to […]
The Aufbau principle explains the arrangement of electrons in atoms. Electrons occupy shells, subshells, and orbitals, with each subshell having a maximum number of electrons. The principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first, with exceptions for some elements. It is a useful tool for learning about atomic structure. The Aufbau principle is […]
Freud’s pleasure principle is the id, which seeks gratification and is balanced by the ego and superego to prevent self-destructive behavior. Aristotle’s “rational principle” separates humans from animals in seeking pleasure without morals. In psychology, the pleasure principle is part of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory involving subconscious or unconscious motivation. According to Freud, the id […]
The cosmological principle states that the universe is uniform and physical laws observed on Earth are representative of the entire universe. It is the foundation of physical cosmology and applies to any observer, human or non-human. The principle is based on the Copernican Principle and has been used by famous scientists such as Copernicus, Newton, […]
The precautionary principle suggests that if an action poses a potential risk to the public, policy makers should err on the side of caution. It is often used in environmental regulations and is incorporated into some laws, such as those of the European Union. The principle is based on two principles: understanding the risks and […]
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to accurately measure the momentum and position of subatomic particles simultaneously. This revolutionized physics, as it showed that there are only probabilities for these values, not exact values. Heisenberg used a hypothetical electron to develop the principle and elaborated on uncertainty relations. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is a […]
The Pauli exclusion principle states that every electron in an atom must have unique quantum numbers. Quantum numbers indicate the subshell, size, placement, energy level, and spin of each electron. This principle is important in explaining the bonding of atoms and has applications in chemistry and quantum mechanics. With applications in chemistry and quantum mechanics, […]
Le Chatelier’s principle states that changes in conditions such as temperature, pressure, volume, and concentration will result in opposing forces balancing the equilibrium of a chemical solution. This principle, named after French chemist Henry Louis Le Chatelier, is used to predict the outcome of chemical reactions and increase product yield. It can be applied to […]
Governments worldwide have adopted the ‘polluter pays’ principle, making polluters liable for all costs associated with cleaning up pollution they have caused. This principle was introduced in the Rio Declaration and is found in Principle 16. Governments also reward environmentally conscious consumers and tax those who aren’t, such as California’s “Clean Car Discount Program.” Pollution […]
The Gestalt principle of perception suggests that the human mind sees patterns in incomplete representations of objects or concepts and infers the nature of the whole from these patterns. It stands in opposition to the Atomist approach, which claims that human perception is based on breaking down objects into identifiable parts. The Gestalt principles are […]
The principle of superposition is the additive property of any linear system or function, where the net result of multiple input variables is equal to the sum of their individual results. It is applied to linear mathematical functions and is useful for systems modeling and analysis, but is only an approximation of real-life operating conditions. […]
The cost principle records goods and services at their original or historical cost, mainly used for short and long-term assets and liabilities. It is a conservative approach, but some believe it does not present the most accurate value. Current assets are carried at historical cost until sold, while long-term assets are recognized at historical cost […]
The context principle, also known as Frege’s Principle, states that words have no meaning without context. It was created as a reaction against psychologism and compositionality. The meaning of a word is derived from its context within a sentence. Semantic holism believes that the meanings of sentences and words derive from a larger context, which […]
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