Protein synthesis involves DNA and RNA in building proteins. Enzymes unwind DNA to create RNA, which is sent to the cytoplasm and attracted to ribosomes. Transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, where they bind together with the help of ATP to create a protein. The process occurs in multiple ribosomes and can produce […]
Protein binding refers to the ability of proteins to bond with other substances, such as drugs, in the bloodstream. The strength of the bond and the amount of drug bound determine its effectiveness. Proteins have binding sites that can fit other molecules, and the chemical properties of both are important for binding. The amount of […]
Textured vegetable protein (TVP) is a dehydrated soybean meal used as a meat substitute or added to meat. It is rich in protein, fiber, and potassium, and can be enriched with vitamins. TVP needs to be cooked in hot water and can absorb other flavors. It is popular with vegetarians and those on a gluten-free […]
Protein poisoning, also known as “rabbit hunger,” is a nutritional deficiency caused by consuming mostly lean meat with no other sources of nutrients. It can lead to health complications due to inadequate nutrients, stress, and lack of calories. It is rare in industrialized areas but can be a risk in remote communities during times of […]
Proteins are essential for all living organisms and contain 20 amino acids necessary for human survival. Antibodies are a special type of protein that act as part of the immune system, inhibiting the reproduction of viruses and bacteria. Antibodies are produced by B lymphocyte structures and can be monoclonal or polyclonal. Antibodies are used in […]
Recombinant protein expression is a technique used in molecular biology and pharmaceutical production to produce proteins from recombinant DNA. This involves introducing carefully selected DNA sequences into host cells to initiate gene expression and produce the desired protein. The expressed proteins must be purified from destroyed cell parts, and this technology has broad commercial and […]
Recombinant proteins are made from manipulated DNA of another organism. They are used to treat genetic defects and produced in hosts like bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells. Vectors are used to insert targeted DNA into host DNA, and tags are used for recognition during purification. The host cells can be grown in a laboratory and […]
Ubiquitin is a regulatory protein found in eukaryotic organisms that tags other proteins for destruction. It varies little between organisms and is essential for complex cellular function. Ubiquitination involves three types of enzymes and a single organism can contain many different versions. Dysfunctions in Ub-mediated processes can lead to pathological conditions. Ubiquitin (Ub) protein is […]
Protein electrophoresis separates and analyzes proteins in fluid samples using an electric charge. It can diagnose and monitor conditions such as liver disease, anemia, and cancer. It is used on urine, blood serum, and cerebrospinal fluid samples. Protein electrophoresis is a medical procedure used to separate and analyze the proteins present in a fluid sample. […]
Low blood protein levels can be caused by liver, kidney, and intestinal disease, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition, and certain disorders such as immunodeficiency. Liver disease impairs protein synthesis, while kidney disease causes excess protein loss in urine. Intestinal disorders prevent protein absorption, and poor hygiene habits can lead to short-term reduction in protein levels. Low blood […]
Surfactant proteins (SP) are essential for proper lung function, with four main types each with a different function. SP-A transports proteins and strengthens the immune system, while SP-B produces tubular myelin. SP-C helps lipids move and promotes multilayered structures, and SP-D maintains phospholipid balance and forms immune system cells. Each type is sensitive to environmental […]
Protein malnutrition is caused by a lack of healthy protein in the diet and can cause symptoms such as swelling, fatigue, and diarrhea. Kwashiorkor and marasmus are two main classifications. It is most common in poor regions and can be prevented with education and access to food and healthcare. Treatment involves a carefully planned diet […]
