The Kyoto Protocol aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by 2012, with legally binding commitments to reduce emissions. The agreement encourages green development and emissions trading. However, it has faced opposition from some nations, including the US, due to concerns over economic development and allowable emissions levels for developing nations. The Kyoto […]
Rules for displaying and disposing of the American flag, known as flag protocol, aim to encourage respectful treatment of the national symbol. The rules include not allowing the flag to touch the ground, displaying it at the highest position when with other flags, and properly disposing of damaged flags through environmentally friendly burning. Violations are […]
The Online Certificate Security Protocol is a standard for certificate issuance and authentication. It outlines the information required for certificate status and server identification, with accepted responses including a signature from a trusted authority. The protocol was developed in 1999 by the Network Working Group and is accepted by all issuers of security certificates. The […]
The Think Aloud Protocol (TAP) is a testing method where subjects speak aloud as they interact with a manual, device, or concept. This provides valuable feedback to improve products and understand how people think and behave. A neutral observer notes errors and conditions. TAP can also help researchers understand human cognition for tasks such as […]
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) synchronizes time between computers on a network, important for security and event logging systems. NTP version 4 includes improved accuracy and algorithms. Accurate time is critical for financial transactions and industrial control applications. NTP can obtain time from internet-based or wired sources, and NTP software keeps clocks updated precisely. SNTP […]
Password authentication protocol sends passwords unencrypted over a network and is insecure. It has been replaced by more secure protocols like CHAP and EAP, which use encryption techniques for authentication. CHAP uses a three-way handshake and shared secret, while EAP is an authentication framework with multiple protocols. Password authentication protocol is a way to send […]
IPsec is a set of standards created by IETF to encrypt and filter data packets. It authenticates communicating computers and encrypts communications sent to and from authenticated hosts. It can be used to build a VPN, but it can be complicated for novice users. IPsec stands for Internet Protocol security. It is a collection of […]
IPsec is a set of standards created by IETF to encrypt and filter data packets, increasing network security. It authenticates communicating computers and hosts, encrypting communications between them. It can be used to build a VPN and is often used by network administrators for corporate and government networks. However, it can be complicated to set […]
Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) is an internet protocol used for real-time multimedia communications. It consists of two components: the transport protocol and the real-time transport control protocol (RTCP). RTP is commonly used in VoIP and was developed to conduct real-time videoconferences. RTP and RTCP packets are transmitted separately, and synchronized playback is achieved using timing […]
A protocol converter switches the protocol of one machine to match another, allowing different machines to work together. However, there may be penalties for using this device, such as slower connection speeds. Most converters have a database of different protocols to convert. A protocol converter is used in telecommunications and networking to switch the protocol […]
The link control protocol is part of PPP and verifies network connections before transmitting data. It has four tasks: verifying device identity, sizing packets, checking for configuration errors, and monitoring for security threats. The link control protocol is a network system that determines whether a network connection is configured correctly for transmitting information. The link […]
ARP is a protocol used to match an IP address with a hardware address on a local network. When a device needs to send an IP packet, it broadcasts a message to the LAN requesting the hardware address of the destination IP address. The response is sent directly to the requester, and the addresses are […]
Ad hoc routing protocols are necessary for mobile networks, as fixed routing protocols are not suitable. Two approaches are table-based and on-demand, but both have drawbacks. A combination of both can be used to reconfigure networks quickly and include security measures. An ad hoc routing protocol is a method of sending communications over a network […]
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a Microsoft® protocol that allows remote desktop connections with encryption, load balancing, and bandwidth throttling. RDP is an application layer protocol that can be used over different types of networks. RDP encrypts data to prevent eavesdropping and offers features to increase performance. Client software is included with Windows® and a […]
Routing protocols are algorithms that route traffic through routers, prevent loops, and gather network topology information. Internal Gateway Protocols form routing domains within an autonomous system. Link-state protocols map the entire network, while distance vector protocols count hops. Path vector protocols are used at the edge of a network. Routing protocols can be routed over […]
The user datagram protocol is a fast but less reliable network protocol used for data transmission without special channels or data paths. It was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and is stateless, making it useful for time-sensitive applications and servers handling small requests. However, it provides no safeguards for data integrity and is […]
ARP spoofing is a method of redirecting traffic from an IP address to the MAC address of the spoofer by sending a fake ARP message. The attacker can either passively receive data or actively alter it before forwarding it. While it has legitimate uses, it is often used for unauthorized data acquisition and is also […]
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a distance vector routing protocol used to determine the distance and direction of information on a network. It uses the number of hops and direction to create a network map, but its limitations have led to its replacement by more adaptive protocols. Routing information protocol is a method of determining […]
The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) prevents network failures by establishing a loop-free topology for layer two bridging devices. Bridges send Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) to each other to share information and recalculate the topology when changes occur. The protocol was developed by DEC and incorporated into the IEEE 802.1D standard. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol […]
PPP is a networking method for transmitting data between two devices. It bridges the gap between physical connections and abstract network protocols, allowing the use of TCP/IP over point-to-point links. PPP relies on complementary protocols to function and can be used for various types of connections. Point-to-point protocol (PPP) is a computer networking method for […]
- 1
- 2
