Allergies are harmful reactions of the immune system to a specific substance. There are four types of hypersensitivity reactions, including immediate, antibody-mediated, immune complex-mediated, and delayed hypersensitivity. Individuals with a family history of allergies are at an increased risk of developing hypersensitivity reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions, or allergies, are harmful reactions of the body’s immune system […]
Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin found in various foods and is essential for the body. The recommended daily allowance varies by age and gender. Exceeding the recommended amount can cause dermatological and gastrointestinal reactions, including flushing of the face, itching, and liver toxicity. Extended-release niacin preparations are more likely to cause reactions than immediate-release ones. […]
Acid-base reactions occur between acids and bases, with acidity measured on the pH scale. Acids turn blue litmus paper red, while bases change red litmus paper to blue. When reacted together, acids and bases give a salt, a neutral product. There are many types of acid-base reactions, studied at all levels of chemistry and important […]
Chemical reactions fall under four main types: synthesis, decomposition, single and double substitution. Energy and matter cannot be created or destroyed, but can be altered in a chemical reaction. Single substitution exchanges one free element for another, while double substitution exchanges components of two compounds. Substitution reactions are often called ionic reactions, but can also […]
Chemical reactions occur when bonds are formed or broken between molecules due to heat, radiation, or foreign chemicals. They can be classified into synthesis, analysis, substitution, and combustion. Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions. The number of possible chemical reactions is immense, especially in organic chemistry. The Haber-Bosch process is a crucial chemical reaction […]
Displacement reactions involve the exchange of elements or groups in chemical compounds. Single shift reactions involve the replacement of a less reactive element with a more reactive one, while double shift reactions occur between ionic compounds. Acid-base reactions are a common form of double shift. Examples include metal plating, the production of hydrogen gas, and […]
Chemical reactions can be exothermic or endothermic. Exothermic reactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb energy. The formation of chemical bonds releases energy, but breaking bonds requires energy. The enthalpy change, represented by ΔH, indicates whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic. Endothermic reactions can occur at room temperature if there is a large increase […]
Phase changes in matter are either endothermic or exothermic. Endothermic reactions require heat to form new chemical bonds, while exothermic reactions create more energy than is needed, producing heat. Exothermic reactions are used in matches, campfires, and fireworks. Scientists use a calorimeter to measure heat produced by reactions. Forensic scientists study exothermic reactions to better […]
