Water softener systems remove calcium and magnesium from hard water through ion exchange, but caution must be taken as it exchanges sodium and can harm those on low-sodium diets and plants. Hard water is caused by minerals in groundwater and is measured in grains per gallon. All whole-home water softening systems use ion exchange, which […]
Materials can soften without melting, and a softening point can be determined for quality control. The glass transition temperature is when a material becomes more flexible. Tests like the vicat and ring and ball can determine softening points. Softening point tests are used to determine optimum handling temperatures for adhesives. Synthetic polymers have a wider […]
