Ultraviolet spectroscopy uses a spectrophotometer to determine which wavelengths of light a chemical solution absorbs, allowing researchers to analyze its contents. It measures absorbance and transmittance beyond the visible spectrum, into the ultraviolet range, and can determine the concentration of the solution. Dual-beam ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometers measure both the ultraviolet and visible spectrum using two cuvettes […]
Ultraviolet spectroscopy is used to determine which wavelengths of light a chemical solution absorbs, allowing for analysis of the sample. A spectrophotometer directs light through a cuvette and measures the amount of light absorbed. Dual-beam spectrophotometers measure both the ultraviolet and visible spectrum. The results are plotted on a graph to show the wavelengths absorbed […]
Flame emission spectroscopy is a destructive chemical analysis technique that observes energy emitted by excited atoms returning to their ground state. The method identifies spectral signatures of different elements with a sensitive detector. The process involves creating a sample aerosol or placing a small sample in a holder in the flame. The emission is magnified […]
Spectroscopy studies light to determine properties of objects by examining colors, reflecting energy states. It is used in chemistry, astronomy, and has many sub-disciplines. X-ray spectroscopy determines elements and chemical bonds. Astronomical spectroscopy observes continuous and discrete spectra to determine composition of celestial bodies. Discrete spectra identify atoms and their energy levels. Spectroscopy is the […]
Optical spectroscopy uses light to measure an object’s chemical composition, temperature, and speed. Spectral lines in the light can identify substances, and absorption and emission spectroscopy are used in chemistry, astronomy, biology, and medicine. The Doppler effect is used to measure the speed of distant objects. Optical spectroscopy is a means of studying the properties […]
Atomic emission spectroscopy measures the energy of atoms in a sample by adding energy to see what happens to the atoms. The machine recognizes the light energy and calculates the concentrations of individual elements. Samples must be decomposed into free atoms, and each element produces a distinctive set of photons. Atomic absorption spectroscopy works on […]
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) identifies the chemical composition of a surface layer using electrons or X-rays. The energy of emitted particles is unique to the element, and peaks on a graph identify compounds. The technique is used in physical and chemical applications, but can damage the surface. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is often used to […]
Infrared spectroscopy analyzes molecules by exposing them to radiation in a unique wavelength range. Chemical bonds in a molecule vibrate at a specific wavelength, allowing for identification. Conventional IR spectroscopy uses a radiation source, sample container, and IR sensors, while Fourier transform IR spectrometers offer more precise results. The presence of chemical groups in a […]
Infrared spectroscopy uses a spectrometer to detect infrared radiation and study the interaction between radiation and objects. It can be used to identify unknown substances and test for impurities. Results can be viewed and analyzed using computer programs. Infrared spectroscopy is a branch of spectroscopy that focuses on the infrared area of the electromagnetic spectrum. […]
Photoelectron spectroscopy analyzes substances by ejecting electrons with photons of known wavelengths. Ionization energy depends on the charge on the nucleus and orbital of the electron. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used for solid samples, while ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy is used for electronic structure analysis. Photoelectron spectroscopy is a method of analyzing substances using the photoelectric […]
Atomic absorption spectroscopy identifies minerals or metals in liquids or solids by measuring the absorption of light directed at the sample. The technique can detect traces and any element, with iron, aluminum, copper, and lead being the most common. Flame and furnace methods use different heating methods, and calibration is necessary for accuracy. The technique […]
Raman spectroscopy studies low-frequency modes of radiation and matter by scattering monochromatic light. The Raman effect causes a molecule to be excited by a photon, increasing or decreasing its energy level. The light is then transmitted to a monochromator, which collects the remaining light with vibrational information. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry, medicine, […]
Flame emission spectroscopy is a destructive chemical analysis technique that identifies elements based on their distinct spectral signatures. A sample is aerosolized and pumped through a flame, causing energy emission that is detected and recorded. The process can be used for calibration and identifying unknown compounds. Some compounds have recognizable emissions visible to the naked […]
