A Credit Default Swap (CDS) transfers financial risk from one party to another. The buyer pays the seller’s premiums in exchange for the seller’s assumption of risk. However, the unregulated market for credit default swaps led to problems, including the inability of some sellers to cover their credit swaps. A CDS (Credit Default Swap) is […]
Elevator weight limits vary based on factors such as the size of the elevator floor and what it’s made of. Engineers calculate the upper limits based on strength and tensile calculations for safety. Overloading elevators can lead to accidents and injury. Governments and local authorities have set up regulatory bodies to prevent elevator accidents. The […]
The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) was a US classification system used to collect statistical information about business activities from 1937 to 1997. It has been replaced by the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS), but some organizations still use SIC codes. Each SIC code has four digits and is used to categorize different industries. The […]
Standard cost estimates how much a product will cost to produce, while actual cost is the final cost. Standard costing is used in planning and can help companies determine if a product is worth making. Limitations include the need for research and changes in the market. In the manufacturing and service industries, the standard cost […]
Home inspection forms are used by inspectors to report findings to real estate agents and homeowners. They can vary based on location and regulations. Inspections are required before finalizing a sale and can determine mortgage approval. The Home Inspection Services Agreement, Checklist, and Report Form are commonly used forms. The checklist is the most important […]
The Standard Catalog of World Paper Money is a three-volume guide to paper banknotes, organized alphabetically by country of origin and containing photographs, identification codes, and valuation information. It was originally compiled by Alfred Pick and is commonly used by collectors. A CD-ROM version is also available. The Standard Catalog of World Paper Money is […]
A standard swap is a programming paradigm where two variables exchange values, often used in sorting algorithms. It requires a temporary variable and can be complicated in object-oriented programming. An XOR swap technique exists but may not work in all cases. In computer programming and computer science, a standard swap is a situation in a […]
Data encryption encodes plain text data into unrecognizable values for security. The Data Encryption Standard (DES) was the first standard for encrypting digital data, but was replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) due to its small key size. Triple DES is a slower variation of DES that is still used today. Data encryption is […]
The International Telecommunications Union defines 3G standards for wireless communication devices, including wireless calls and data transfer. The 3G standard guarantees a specific volume capacity and transmission speed. The first 3G network was implemented in Japan in 2001, and WiMAX technology provides “last mile” transmission to the end user. The 3G standard enables faster and […]
Standard status is a reference point for materials used in research and communication. The standard state is the natural condition of a material, often at 1 atm or 1 M concentration. Researchers can make assumptions about standard states, but they can fluctuate. The superscript symbol ° indicates a material is in its standard state. Property […]
The Standard Model of particle physics describes particles and their interactions through three fundamental forces. Fermions and bosons make up particles, and the model predicts outcomes of particle interactions. The Higgs boson and graviton are hypothetical particles, and gravity is not included in the model. If the graviton is discovered, it could replace the Standard […]
Commercial software includes custom, government-owned, and commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software. COTS software is less expensive and reliable for mass consumption. Standard commercial software products are easier to purchase and use. Modified off-the-shelf (MOTS) software includes source code and can be modified by the consumer. COTS products are used by many large companies through business integration […]
Industry standard architecture (ISA) is a computer bus that connects expansion cards to a motherboard. It was first developed by IBM in 1981 and expanded to a 16-bit bus for the IBM AT. A 32-bit version called EISA was developed to compete with IBM’s next generation bus. ISA persisted until the early 2000s and has […]
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a cryptographic algorithm used to encrypt data for confidentiality, authenticity, and non-repudiation. It was chosen by NIST in 2000 as a replacement for DES and uses a single key for encryption and decryption. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a mathematical algorithm or cipher used to hide information so […]
An internal standard is a known chemical added to a sample to calibrate laboratory instruments, allowing for the calculation of unknown quantities. Gas and liquid chromatography separate samples into different molecules, and adding an internal standard provides a known result for any sample placed into the test instrument. The relative amount of the unknown chemical […]
The standard deviation is a statistical number that gives the bounds of data clusters above and below the mean of a normal curve. Calculating it involves a one or two-step process. An example problem is given using the Welford method. The final result is used to estimate the distribution of data within one, two, or […]
Standard deviation is a calculation used to determine the expected variability of future data. It can be calculated manually or with statistical software. Many general statistical packages include standard deviation calculations, and there are free online calculators available. There are numerous statistical software packages available, both free and proprietary, that include standard deviation software, and […]
Standard addition is a method used in chemical analysis to determine the concentration of a substance in a complex sample. It involves adding a known amount of the substance to a portion of the sample and comparing the results to the original sample. This allows chemists to accurately assess the concentration of the substance of […]
Standard contracts are non-negotiable agreements offered by larger parties, with examples including home security, sporting events, rentals, and insurance policies. They can be disadvantageous for consumers who rarely read them, and some parts can be voided. Negotiations are often not permitted, but some contracts allow for specific input or negotiation. A standard contract, sometimes called […]
Standard gravity is the acceleration of a body in a vacuum at or near Earth’s surface, defined as 9.80665 m/s2. It is a function of force and mass, and can be expressed as 9.807 N/kg. Actual weight can vary based on location and adjustments for altitude, latitude, and Earth radius. The standard measurement was established […]
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