Psychiatric theories have evolved with the development of medicine and technology, with some focusing on the entire human mind and others on specific behaviors or mental health disorders. Theories can be influenced by cultural conceptions and are often based on observations of the brain rather than experiments. Looking back at past theories can help address […]
Theories of cognition explain how intelligence, personality, and the brain’s responses to external stimulation develop throughout life. Unified theories of cognition examine how the brain processes information, while theories of cognitive development explain the brain’s capabilities during various life stages. The brain uses assimilation and accommodation to adapt to external stimulation, and there are four […]
Evolutionary theory has evolved since Darwin’s publication in 1859. Lamarckism, the idea that body changes can be passed down, has been proven false. The modern synthesis, combining Darwinian natural selection with Mendelian genetics, is the predominant theory. The “gene-centric” view of natural selection proposes organisms are built to pass on genes, not for their own […]
There are four job satisfaction theories, including affect theory, dispositional theory, two-factor theory, and job characteristics model. The affect theory suggests job satisfaction depends on the gap between expectations and reality, while dispositional theory focuses on personality. Two-factor theory identifies motivational and hygiene factors, and the job characteristics model lists five characteristics that influence job […]
Theories of constitutional interpretation in the US include originality, textualism, intentionalism, contextualism, constructionism, pragmatism, non-interpretivism, dynamic evolution, and natural law theory. These can be conservative or progressive, and may consider judicial precedence or outside sources. Theories of constitutional interpretation in the United States are varied and complex, but most fall into one of several main […]
Organizational culture is the intangible atmosphere of a company that affects human behavior. The study of it includes shared understandings, values, and assumptions. Historical clues are used to determine the evolution of culture, and it can uncover flaws. Intangible features include values, assumptions, and norms. The effects on human behavior are also studied. Organizational culture […]
Business ethics theories guide workplace behavior and decisions. Deontological theory follows established rules, while utilitarianism considers consequences for the greatest number of people. Norm theory sets standards for conduct, and Kantian theory emphasizes treating humans as ends, not means. Theories of business ethics form the basis for acceptable behavior and decisions in the workplace. For […]
The conspiracy theory that the German city of Bielefeld doesn’t exist has been circulating since 1993. In 2019, the city offered €1 million to anyone who could prove it doesn’t exist. Despite 2,000 attempts, Bielefeld is a real city founded in the 15th century, with over 15 inhabitants. The conspiracy has been used to mock […]
Business ethics theories include utilitarianism, rights, justice, common good, and virtue. Each theory focuses on specific ethical principles to help companies solve business problems. Utilitarianism promotes actions that benefit society while minimizing harm, while the rights approach emphasizes treating individuals with respect. Justice ensures equal treatment for all, while the common good approach promotes societal […]
Different theories of poverty include individual, systemic, geographical, and cyclical causes. Individualistic theories place responsibility on the economically disadvantaged, while systemic and geographic theories focus on political, economic, and infrastructure policies. Cyclical causes combine individual and systemic circumstances to explain poverty. Different theories of poverty distinguish between individual, systemic, geographical and cyclical causes. Theories that […]
Theories of economic development explain how economies form and thrive, and are used to create laws and policies. Social theories focus on education, poverty, and health, while neoclassical theories advocate for fewer government controls. Exogenous growth theories focus on technological advances. Harris-Todaro’s view suggests that adding urban jobs can lead to a reduction in overall […]
Consumer behavior theories help businesses optimize sales and marketing strategies by focusing on how consumers spend money, what influences their spending, and how it impacts firms’ planning. Theories include rational behavior, preferences, product prices, features, and knowledge. Demographics and income also play a role in consumer preferences. Consumer behavior theories are used by businesses to […]
Gerontology studies aging processes and effects, including the role of mitochondria in cell division, signaling, and death. Mitochondria produce energy by breaking down food molecules, but their DNA lacks protection and is vulnerable to free radicals. Dysfunctional mitochondria affect cell division and programmed cell death. Faulty cell signaling due to prolonged mitochondrial damage can cause […]
Psychologists have developed various theories of childhood development. Psychoanalytic theories suggest that children go through stages, cognitive theories state that children are active learners, behavioral theories focus on the environment, and social theories focus on the role of society. Freud and Erikson developed psychoanalytic theories, Piaget developed cognitive theories, and Watson, Skinner, and Pavlov developed […]
Business cycle theories explain fluctuations in macroeconomic activity. Keynesian theory attributes changes to consumer spending, while New Classical theory claims changes result from output and consumer preferences. Economic growth is characterized by high employment and productivity, while recessions are marked by declines. Macroeconomic indicators help predict trends. Keynesian theory allows for flexibility, while New Classical […]
International trade involves the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. Mercantilism, absolute advantage, and comparative advantage are influential theories. Comparative advantage, developed by David Ricardo, is the most important concept in modern international trade theory. International trade is an exchange or economic transaction that involves the movement of goods, services, and capital across […]
Nursing theories vary in frameworks and goals. Hildegard Peplau’s Interpersonal Theory emphasizes communication and interaction between patients and nurses. Faye Abdellah’s 21 Nursing Problems model guides nurses to meet patient needs. Betty Neuman’s Systems Theory focuses on stress reduction, and Jean Watson’s Theory of Care emphasizes healthy lifestyles and preventing future illnesses. All theories prioritize […]
Theories of second language acquisition differ from first language acquisition, with no single explanation for how adults learn a second language. Most theories analyze the task, with a focus on input and output. Noam Chomsky’s idea of universal grammar and the concept of interlanguage are significant influences. The Monitor Theory posits evaluative filters for input […]
Sociology studies human societies, with some focusing on a macro level and others analyzing universal principles and structures. Positivism emerged in the late 19th century, followed by Marxism and antipositivism. Functionalism views society as organic, while conflict theories see inequalities and dysfunctions as creating distorted symptoms. Symbolic interactionism takes a subjective approach. Middle-range theories attempt […]
