Pertussis toxin is a large protein produced by Bordatella pertussis, causing whooping cough. It disrupts intracellular signaling mechanisms, facilitating bacterial colonization. The A/B toxin has six subunits, with S1 having enzymatic activity and S2-S5 binding to receptors on the host cell membrane. The toxin impairs intracellular signaling by adding ADP-ribose to G protein, interfering with […]
Shiga toxin is a dangerous bacterial toxin that attacks blood vessels, often caused by consuming contaminated food and water. Symptoms include gastrointestinal issues, kidney damage, and hemorrhagic colitis. Treatment includes supportive care, antibiotics, and hospitalization. Food safety precautions can reduce the risk of infection. Shiga toxin is an extremely dangerous bacterial toxin that attacks the […]
Botulinum toxin, the deadliest toxin, causes botulism and can lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. It is 10 million times more lethal than cyanide and can enter the body through wounds or contaminated food. Botox, a purified version, is used for cosmetic purposes. The deadliest toxin is botulinum toxin, a type of bacterium that causes […]
Botulinum toxin, produced by Clostridium botulinum, is deadly in small doses but has therapeutic uses for migraines and neuromuscular disorders. It is also used for cosmetic purposes. The toxin can be found in soil and degrades rapidly in contact with air, making it an inferior chemical warfare agent. However, if delivered by insect-sized drones, it […]
Diphtheria is caused by the release of toxins by the bacterium C. diphtheriae, which can cause life-threatening infections. Vaccination has largely eradicated the disease in developed countries, but it still affects thousands in poorer regions. Symptoms include sore throat, cough, and difficulty breathing, and treatment involves antitoxin injections and antibiotics. Prevention through vaccination is the […]
