An organic vapor respirator, also known as a gas mask, filters out fumes from organic compounds to prevent inhalation of toxic chemicals. It uses activated carbon to absorb the fumes and is more effective than cloth or paper masks. An organic vapor respirator is more commonly known as a gas mask. Respirators are devices worn […]
Tramp ships were steam-powered vessels that participated in unscheduled maritime trade, transporting cargo from port to port. They were common in the early 1900s but disappeared with the rise of diesel fuel. Tramp ships also carried passengers and provided an affordable means of travel to obscure destinations. They acquired a mystique and were often crewed […]
Steam condensers turn steam back into water for reuse in power generation systems. Contact and surface condensers use cooler liquid to cool vapor back into water. Surface condensers have the advantage of not requiring additional cold water. A steam condenser is a machine that transforms steam into water. Many steam systems use a water loop […]
Vapor-compression refrigeration uses a liquid refrigerant to absorb and remove heat from a space. The cycle includes a compressor, evaporator, condenser, and throttle valve. It is used in home appliances, air conditioning, transportation, and industrial settings with an efficiency of up to 60%. Vapor-compression refrigeration is a refrigeration system that uses a circulating liquid refrigerant […]
Steam curing is a faster and more uniform process for curing concrete, cement, and mortar, but may result in weaker products in the long run. The process involves placing items in a chamber and controlling temperature, humidity, and pressure. Timing is important for natural curing, and dry, hot weather can cause weakness and cracking. Manufacturers […]
A vapor separator device removes water vapor from steam to increase thermal efficiency. Wet steam contains liquid droplets that can cause damage to engines. Steam separators are used in everything from steam locomotives to modern nuclear fission-driven turbine systems. A vapor separator device is used to remove water vapor from steam. While the term can […]
Vapor pressure is the pressure within a gas or vapor in a closed container. It is affected by temperature, container size, and molecular bond strength. As temperature increases, the rate of evaporation increases until it reaches an equilibrium point. The size of the container and molecular bond strength also affect vapor pressure. By definition, vapor […]
Sulfuric acid vapor is dangerous and highly corrosive, causing severe burns and respiratory problems. Exposure can occur in industrial settings, laboratory accidents, and contact with ruptured batteries. Legal limits for exposure exist, but chronic exposure can still lead to health issues and an increased risk of cancer. Victims should be removed from the source and […]
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) transfers target materials onto substrates through physical means to create thin films. Evaporation, sputtering, and casting are the three main types of PVD. Heating methods vary depending on the target material, and casting is used for polymer target materials and photolithography. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a process used to create […]
Water vapor is a crucial component in the hydrological cycle, creating precipitation and filling lakes and rivers. It can also cause high humidity levels, respiratory problems, and contribute to global warming. Water vapor is the gaseous form of water that permeates the earth’s atmosphere. This wet gas affects the Earth altering the global climate of […]
Vapor retardants limit water vapor movement in structures to prevent mold and mildew growth. They are used in walls, ceilings, floors, crawl spaces, and basements. Vapor retarders can be installed during new construction or added later, and should not be applied to both interior and exterior walls. Air barriers should be used in conjunction with […]
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a process that uses a reactive gas chamber to synthesize high-purity solid materials, such as electronic components. It involves depositing materials at high temperatures and low pressures. CVD products include silicon, carbon fiber, and diamond, but the process can be expensive due to power requirements. There are several classification schemes […]
