Design speed of a highway is the maximum speed that a vehicle can safely travel under perfect conditions. It considers the classification of the road, traffic volume, and actual operating speed. However, bad weather and heavy traffic affect the safe speed of a road. The design speed of a highway is the maximum speed that […]
The velocity of money is the speed at which money moves through an economy, calculated by dividing the value of all transactions by the total amount of money available. A high velocity of money is considered good for a healthy economy, but it can also suggest inflation. The velocity of money is the speed at […]
Escape velocity is the speed needed to break free from a celestial body’s gravitational pull. Earth’s is 11,186 km/s, while Mars’ moon Phobos’ is 11 m/s. Jupiter’s is 59.5 km/s. Black holes have an escape velocity equal to light. Conquering Earth’s high escape velocity is necessary for space exploration. Escape velocity is the speed at […]
Tangential velocity is the speed and direction of an object traveling in a circle, while angular velocity is the rotational speed of a wheel. Tangential speed increases with radius, and velocity is distance traveled divided by time. The example of a carousel demonstrates the difference in velocity at different points on a spinning wheel. Tangential […]
Impact velocity is the speed at which an object hits another object, calculated by adding their velocities. External forces like gravity and wind resistance complicate calculations. Velocity is the distance an object travels in a given time, measured in meters per second. In complex systems, other forces affect impact velocity, such as gravity and wind […]
Terminal velocity is the constant speed an object reaches when the force of air resistance equals the force of gravity. It depends on weight, shape, and atmospheric density. The drag coefficient is crucial to determine it, and it varies with altitude. Examples include a raindrop at 17 km/h and a skydiver at 124 mph (200 […]
Space velocity is the ratio of the volumetric flow rate of reactants entering to the reactor volume. It can be expressed as SV=υ0/V. Different industries have their own definitions for standard temperature and pressure. Weighted hourly space velocity (WHSV) is based on mass instead of volume. Calculations are simple when the reactor volume and reactant […]
Pulse wave velocity measures arterial stiffness noninvasively by analyzing blood flow and arterial elasticity. It can diagnose and monitor vascular diseases such as hypertension. The method measures the flexibility or stiffness of the aorta and can detect high blood pressure, hardening of the arteries, and blood circulation disorders. Pulse wave velocity is a method used […]
Angular velocity is the rate of change of an object’s position in a circular path, measured in degrees, revolutions, or radians per second. It can be used to calculate speed and displacement, and is determined by a line perpendicular to the curve of a circle. It can also be measured in two or three dimensions. […]
Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a method to visualize fluid flow by introducing tracer particles that behave like the fluid. PIV uses computer software to record and enhance visible tracers, and can be used with small glass beads, aluminum flakes, or oil droplets. PIV is used in aerospace engineering, healthcare, and biology, and can record […]
Radial velocity is the motion of an object towards or away from a stationary observer, defined by both velocity and direction. Planets in circular orbits have little radial velocity relative to their suns, but to stationary observers outside the solar system, the planet changes its motion towards and away from them during its orbit. The […]
Wave velocity can be measured as phase velocity or group velocity. Phase velocity measures the speed of a single wave, while group velocity measures the speed of a wave packet. The relationship between phase and group velocities can vary, and can be affected by the properties of the medium and the frequency of the waves. […]
