Pasteurization is a process that heats milk to kill pathogens, making it safer to drink than raw milk. Louis Pasteur developed the technique in 1862 to prevent disease from improperly handled milk. There are different pasteurization methods, but all aim to make milk safe without altering its flavor. Pasteurization does not eliminate all pathogens and […]
The U engine, made up of two straight engines that share some parts, is rarely used due to excess weight. It relies on internal combustion and contains two engines, each powering a separate crankshaft. Other variations, such as the square four engine, also exist but are not commonly used. The first U engine was designed […]
Turquoise, a valued stone for thousands of years, is often used in jewelry and decorative arts. The Zachary process can increase the hardness, color, and luster of the stone. RH & Company endorses the process, which involves adding certain chemicals to medium or higher grade stones and heating them. The result is a brighter, more […]
Turquoise has been used for thousands of years in jewelry and decorative arts. The Zachary process, a secret method, can increase the hardness, color, and luster of the stones used. RH & Company endorses the process, which involves adding chemicals to medium or higher grade stones and heating them. The result is a brighter, more […]
A marine radio is a communication device used on board vessels to listen to important broadcasts and communicate with other vessels. VHF FM radios are commonly used, with a range of up to 25 nautical miles. There are 104 designated VHF channels, with channel 16 being the distress and safety frequency. Digital Selective Calling (DSC) […]
Wooden joists are common in residential construction, providing stability for floors and decorative elements for ceilings. Cantilevered joists can be used to support overhangs or decorative arrangements. Compliance with building codes is necessary for safety and longevity. A timber joist is a wooden part of a construction that supports a load. Common types of joists […]
An engine pulley is a wheel attached to a vehicle’s engine that drives a timing or serpentine belt to power peripheral devices. Idler pulleys help tension the belts, while harmonic balancers counteract vibrations. Serpentine belts with flatter pulleys are now used for added convenience, but if the belt breaks, all peripheral devices stop working. An […]
Epoxy resin is created through a polymerization process and has various uses in industries such as electronics, dentistry, and home repair. It is also used as a craft material and can be purchased from various stores. Safety precautions should be taken when using it. Epoxies are created by turning liquid polyethers into infusible solids through […]
Ammonia compressors remove heat from objects or spaces by changing refrigerants from liquid to gas and back. Ammonia is commonly used in commercial applications, while home appliances typically use Freon. Compressors can be reciprocating, screw, or scroll types. Ammonia is a natural gas that can be toxic if used improperly. An ammonia compressor is a […]
Air vents control the flow of air and are important in areas with potentially toxic materials. They are used in air conditioning systems, military equipment, appliances, and more. The ancient Romans used air vents in aqueducts, and earlier civilizations used them to vent smoke from their homes. An air vent is the outermost panel inside […]
Market structure analysis assesses the difficulty of entry or expansion into a specific market area, including competitors’ capabilities, weaknesses, and strengths, potential for access to supplies, level of product or service substitution, and expected sales. Factors are dynamic and affect the cost of entering or expanding the market. A market structure analysis is a systematic […]
A crepe spatula is a long, narrow-bladed kitchen tool used to slide under and flip crepes without damaging them. It comes in wooden, nylon, and metal versions, and the type to use depends on the type of crepe pan being used. It’s important to make sure the underside of the crepe is cooked before flipping […]
Smelting plants extract metal from ore through heating and a reducing agent. Early examples include the bloomery and blast furnace for iron smelting. The Bessemer process and basic oxygen steelmaking improved efficiency. Aluminum smelting plants use electrolysis. A smelting plant is an industrial location where metal for ore is mined. Common examples of metal smelting […]
Simulation cockpits have been used since the 1920s to train pilots in a safe environment. Early versions only allowed for instrument training, but later versions included an exterior view using video cameras and screens, which were eventually replaced by computer graphics. Today’s simulators transmit information instantly and are used in official pilot training. Expensive planes […]
Venison sausages are made from excess meat pieces that are ground together with spices and herbs, then stuffed into casings or pressed into patties. They can be smoked, cooked, or frozen and are often mixed with other meats or ingredients. Modern butchers use pre-processed pork casings or synthetic casings instead of animal intestines. The texture […]
A slab foundation is a layer of concrete on which a structure is built, best suited to climates without freezing and thawing. It is cost-effective but has drawbacks such as strain on the body, higher heating costs, and limited space for appliances. Footings are critical for stability. A slab foundation is a layer of concrete, […]
Actuators allow for indirect application of motion or force, with smart actuators being controlled by computers. They can increase production and reduce human interaction, and their power source is determined by the application and available resources. Actuators are mechanical devices that allow a person to apply a specific motion or force indirectly to a product […]
Camembert is a soft, semi-hard cheese with a protected designation of origin. It is made from raw milk, heated and combined with rennet, and matured for 12 days. It has a creamy and delicate flavour and is best eaten fully ripened. Camembert has a considerable amount of folklore surrounding it, including the story of how […]
Welding joins metals by melting and using filler. It can use gas, electric arc, laser or ultrasound. Modern methods include arc, gas, resistance and energy beam welding. Welding is automated and used in unusual conditions like underwater and in space. Welding is the process of joining metals by melting parts together and then using filler […]
Circuit breakers monitor and control electrical amps in wiring, with different sizes for different needs. They trip when overvoltage occurs, preventing fires and damage. They are safer and easier to repair than fuses, and can distribute power throughout a home or business. A circuit breaker is an electrical device used in an electrical panel that […]
