Actuators are essential in various human activities, from washing machines to oil rigs. They can be categorized by power source, output motion type, and operating mechanisms. Linear and rotary motions are the two main groups of outgoing motion types, while operational mechanisms include lead screws and electromagnetic solenoids.
Actuators form a fundamental part of so many different areas of human activity that it is nearly impossible to think of a single entity or activity that does not have at least some of them. From the solenoid valve in a washing machine to the tiny autofocus motor in a camera lens to the giant valve actuators in an oil rig, actuators are an integral part of modern life. While there is an incredible array of different types in general use, actuator systems can be divided into a few categories based on input power source, output type of motion, and common operating mechanisms. Input power assemblies include electric, electromagnetic, and pressurized fluid or gas. Output classifications are generally limited to linear and rotary motion, while common mechanisms include electromagnetic devices such as solenoids, lead screws, and positive displacement piston mechanisms.
Trying to list all available actuator systems would be a monumental task and produce a list of daunting proportions and dubious value. There are a couple of categories that can be used, however, to divide actuator systems into manageable groups. These categories are power source, outgoing motion type, and common operating systems or mechanisms. Other classifications such as power ratings, output ranges and duty cycle capabilities are useful, but only become relevant when a specific actuator is chosen for a particular application.
Input power as a rating refers to the primary power source of the actuator. The first of these are electrically powered actuators. A direct subdivision of this category are the electromagnetic and electric actuator types, represented by solenoid and motor types, respectively. The second primary power classification is pressurized fluids and gases. This group includes pneumatic, or pressurized, gas and hydraulic, or pressurized, oil actuators. Most commonly used actuators fall into one of these categories.
Outgoing motion is the second major classification of actuator systems and is represented by two main groups. The first of these is linear motion, which is any outgoing motion oriented in a straight line. The second group are rotary actuators, which produce a range of rotary motions oriented around the linear axis of the actuator. The third significant grouping of enforcement systems are operational mechanisms. This grouping is quite extensive and is quite closely related to the outgoing movement grouping.
Linear actuator systems, for example, tend to use mechanisms such as lead screws, ball screws, and positive displacement piston arrangements. Electromagnetic solenoid mechanisms are also part of the linear motion group, while rotary actuator types tend to use eccentric cam and gearing arrangements. These groups are by no means an exhaustive breakdown of all actuator systems, but are a useful basic guideline.
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