Psychology identifies cognitive biases as shortcuts in thinking resulting from errors in judgment, memory, and social attribution. Examples include cognitive dissonance, illusory correlation, self-centered, hot and cold cognition biases.
There are certain types of cognitive biases that have been identified by the science of psychology. These biases are described as shortcuts in thinking that result from errors in statistical judgment, memory, and social attribution. Cognitive dissonance, illusory correlation, and self-centered biases are some examples. Other examples of cognitive bias include hot and cold cognition.
Cognitive dissonance is one of the most well-known types of biases. Cognitive dissonance is very common and almost everyone has experienced it at least once in their life. It is the feeling of tension or anxiety caused by holding two opposing beliefs or thoughts at the same time. A common example of this type of bias is when a person has a certain belief about themselves, like I’m honest, but acts dishonestly.
Illusory correlation is another of the most commonly known types of biases. As the name indicates, illusory correlation describes a situation in which someone perceives a correlation, or relationship, between two variables, when in reality there is little or no relationship between the variables. OCD is an extreme example of this type of bias. People with OCD often repeat the same behaviors over and over again because they maintain an illusory correlation that such behavior will prevent some negative side effects. In reality, however, the repeated behavior has no effect on anything bad happening.
Another of the cognitive biases is called the egocentric bias. This bias describes someone who takes too much credit for the result of a joint effort. It usually occurs when people take too much credit for positive outcomes, but it can also occur when people take too much responsibility for a negative outcome. This bias is believed to be the result of one person’s actions being more important in his or her mind than the actions of others.
Hot cognition is a more recent term for some types of biases. This type of bias is based on the mood of the person making the decisions. Someone in a heightened state of emotion, such as anger, fear, and even joy, can make judgment errors based on her emotional state. In the case of hot cognition, a person can make a decision too quickly, without the right amount of thought.
Cold cognition is also a relatively new type of cognitive bias. It is the complementary cognitive bias of warm cognition. Just as warm cognition describes decision making influenced by heightened emotional states, cold cognition occurs when a person makes a decision while experiencing very few emotions. This kind of low-energy, low-attention decision-making is also problematic. Instead of making decisions too quickly and while emotionally charged, a person experiencing cold cognition makes decisions based on little thought due to lack of interest.
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