Platelets prevent excessive bleeding by forming a barrier at wound sites, but platelet diseases can occur if they don’t work properly or if there aren’t enough. Thrombocytopenia is an abnormally low platelet count, while thrombocytosis is an overproduction of platelets. TCP and HUS occur when the immune system attacks platelets, while Von Willenbrand disease inhibits the production of the Von Willenbrand protein. Treatment includes medication and blood transfusions.
Platelet cells are vital components of blood. Among other functions, the main role of platelets is to prevent excessive bleeding from external and internal wounds. The cells attach themselves to a wound site to form a barrier, causing the blood to clot. Serious health problems can occur if platelets don’t work properly or there simply aren’t enough in the blood to help clotting. There are several types of platelet disease that can be caused by infections, immune system malfunctions, or genetic abnormalities that result in too few or too many platelets. The most common types of platelet disease are thrombocytopenic purpura (TCP), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), Von Willenbrand disease, and thrombocytosis.
Thrombocytopenia refers to an abnormally low platelet count, as determined by a person’s doctor. A person with thrombocytopenia is at risk of excessive bleeding and bruising, and severe cases can lead to hemorrhaging. It is usually the result of the body not making enough platelets or the immune system mistakenly destroying healthy platelet cells. Diseases that affect the production of new platelets include HIV and bone marrow cancer. Immune system malfunctions can result in TCP, HUS, or other rarer types of platelet disease.
TCP and HUS are types of platelet disease that occur when antibodies are produced by the immune system that attack platelets. The causes are generally unknown, but some cases are related to bacterial or viral infections. HUS is more common in children, while TCP typically affects adults over the age of 60. After doctors make a diagnosis of TCP or HUS, they usually prescribe corticosteroids to promote better immune system function. An emergency situation in which the bleeding cannot be stopped may require a blood transfusion to replenish the blood platelet supply.
Some types of platelet disease are the result of congenital disorders. Von Willenbrand disease is one of the most common genetic conditions that affect how well platelets work. A very specific genetic mutation inhibits the production of the Von Willenbrand protein. Without the protein, platelets are unable to adhere to wound walls and aid in clotting. Severe cases of Von Willenbrand disease can lead to heavy bleeding if not controlled by medication. This platelet disease cannot be cured, but doctors can prescribe a variety of medications that can eliminate symptoms and allow people to lead a normal life.
Thrombocytosis is a condition in which the body produces too many platelets. It can be caused by a bone marrow disorder, a viral infection, or a severe inflammatory disease. In most cases, overproduction of platelets does not lead to negative symptoms or health effects. In rare cases, however, blood can unexpectedly start clotting in the extremities or brain. A clot can restrict blood flow and deprive the body of oxygen, which can lead to permanent brain damage. Thrombocytosis is usually controlled by treating the underlying cause, although emergency surgery may be needed to break up the clots.
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