The thyroid gland controls metabolism and hormone balance, but disorders can cause too much or too little hormone production. Hyperthyroidism results in high metabolism, while hypothyroidism slows it down. Testing is important for accurate diagnosis.
The thyroid is a small gland in the throat that functions as part of the endocrine system. When functioning properly, the thyroid gland controls metabolism and works in concert with other hormone-producing glands to ensure proper balance of hormones in the body. Most thyroid disorders are the result of a malfunctioning gland that produces too much, or too little, thyroid hormones. Thyroid disorders can be a lifelong condition that requires careful diet and often medication to keep side effects in check.
Hyperthyroidism is one of the two major thyroid disorders. People with this condition produce an excess of thyroid hormones, resulting in an extremely high metabolism. This condition can lead to difficulty gaining weight or getting proper nutrition, among other symptoms. People with hyperthyroidism often experience a fast heart rate, increased feelings of heat, anxiety problems, and sleep disturbances.
Hyperthyroidism is sometimes the result of a disorder known as Graves’ disease. People with this condition have an enlarged thyroid gland, called a goiter. Graves’ disease can also cause eye and vision problems and noticeable thickening of the skin. Other thyroid disorders that result in hyperthyroidism include benign or malignant tumors or glandular tumors. It can also occur if the thyroid hormone dosage is set too high.
Thyroid disorders at the opposite end of the spectrum are characterized by hypothyroidism or a very low level of hormone production. The slowed metabolism associated with these types of thyroid disorders makes it extremely difficult to lose weight. Symptoms may also include exhaustion, unexplained body aches or stiffness, and heavy menstrual periods. Hypothyroidism is often caused by an autoimmune disease called Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, in which the body does not recognize glandular tissue as benign and attacks it, slowing down thyroid production. Other causes may include certain cancer therapies such as radiation, birth defects, or an incorrect dosage of hyperthyroidism medication.
Testing for thyroid disorders is extremely important if a person is experiencing chronic symptoms that fit with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Many doctors will do a basic test called thyroid stimulating hormone, or TSH. For people who have severe thyroid disorders, this may be enough for the diagnosis. However, many experts insist that TSH isn’t accurate enough, as people with mild imbalances can still experience severe symptoms of thyroid disorders. Whether a TSH test returns a low-normal or high-normal result, some experts say patients should insist on a comprehensive list of more sensitive tests to better diagnose the problem.
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